nutritin ans 230 new material for final

The 7 Feed Classifications

1. Dry Forages and Roughages

2. Pasture and Silage

3. Energy Feeds

4. Protein Feeds

5. Minerals

6. Vitamins

7. Additives

Energy Feeds (What do they consist of, what % of CP , CF, & CW)

Starches and fats (All cereal grains & sorghums)(By product feeds)

< 20% CP, <18% CF or < 35% CW

may be ensiled

Carbonaceous

Protein/N Supplements % of CP required

At least 20% CP

Plant protein sources examples

• Soybean Meal

• Cottonseed Meal

• Corn Gluten Meal

• Brewer’s Dried Grains

Animal protein sources examples

• meat & bone meal

• Fish meal

• Whey protein

• Poultry meal

Fibrous Feeds; dry forages & roughages

Fresh, dried or ensiled

Includes the leaves, stems and stalks

Used to describe the whole plant

Pasture, hay and silage

Low in energy (per unit weight) due to high CW

Forgaes: pasture

• Must be fenced

• Used while actively growing

• Harvested by livestock

• ‘GreenChop’

Forages: silage

• Ensiled forage

• Corn, Alfalfa, Grass

% DM in hay

82-85%

% of DM in high-moisture silage

At most 30%

% of DM in medium-moisture silage

30-40% DM

% of DM in low-moisture silage

40-60% DM

haylage, baleage, wilted

When is hay harvested and how is it preserved

Hay is harvested during growing period and preserved by drying.

Main objective of hay (moisture content & why)

• Reduce moisture content to 15 – 18%.

• Low moisture retards enzymatic and microbial degradation during storage.

Steps of making hay (1-6)

1. Mowing

2. Macerate

3. Tedding

4. Raking

5. Bailing

6. Hauling & stacking

Making hay: step 1

Mowing

• cut hay at the right time.

• 3-5 days of sunny weather.

• Mower conditioner - cuts the grass and feeds it through rubber rollers that crimp, or condition, the grass. The crimping process breaks the stalk open, allowing the moisture to better evaporate. The mower conditioner drops the grass in windrows.

Making hay: step 2

Macerate - “Super Condition”

• Crimps forage every 1/8 inch (mower crimps every 4 inches)

• Dries faster

Making hay: step 3

Tedding

• Takes hay out of windrows and spreads flat across the field.

• Allows forage to dry faster.

Making hay: step 4

Raking

• Usually takes 3-4 days to dry.

• Raking moves forage back into windrows, or to turn over the drying windrows.

• It is then ready to be picked up by the baler

Making hay: step 5

Bailing

• watch moisture content

Making hay: step 6

Hauling and Stacking

• Bales are loaded onto wagons and hauled to a storage location.

Spontaneous combustion of hay

Moisture causes bacteria to grow

How can feed be stored

Bunker silos

Tower silos

Pressed or ag bags

Nutrient loss during hay preparation (respiration, raking/bailing, storage, feeding, remaining)

Respiration 5 - 10%

Raking/Baling 10 to 15%

Storage 5 to 10%

Feeding 5 - 10%

55-70% Remaining

What determines forage quality?

1. Palatability

• smell, feel and taste & texture

2. Nutrient content

• chemical analysis

3. Digestibility

4. Animal Performance

4. Intake

   • How much will the animals eat?

Anti-quality factors of forage

• tannins, nitrates, alkaloids, mycotoxins

• species, time of year, environment

What determines animal performance in regards to forage

- final test of forage quality

- nutrient content, digestibility and intake

how plant maturity affects CP, minerals, & fiber intake

What does crude fiber contain

Cellulose & a portion of lignin

What does ADF contain

Cellulose & lignin

What does NDF contain

Hemicellulose, cellulose, & lignin

What are the cell wall contents

Non-fibrous carbohydrates (simple sugars, starches, & fructosans), proteins, & lipids

What is the protein in forages comprised of?

True protein & NPN compounds

How much I the global feed ind. worth in 2026

$460.32 billion

IMPORTANCE OF ACCURATE FEED ANALYSIS

• Feed costs and Production.

• Animal Nutrient Requirements.

• Safety and Food Quality.

• Efficiency and Animal Health.

• Environment.

Composition of feedstuff (chart)

Proximate analysis & van soest detergent system

Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) formula

% = (0.50 x %Fiber) + (0.90 x %NFE) + (0.75 x %CP) + (2.25 x 0.90 x %EE)

AF vs DM for concentration

The concentration of a nutrient is greater when expressed on a 100% dry matter basis.

Math practice

Dog vs cat diet classification

Dog: omnivore (more developed cecum)

Cat: obligate carnivore (less developed cecum)

Dog vs cat intestinal length

Dog: Longer intestinal length, BS ratio (6:1)

Cat: smaller intestinal length, BS ratio (4:1)

Dog vs cat stomach anatomy

Dog: Distinct proximal and distal compartment

Cat: Uniform gastric mucosa

Cat vs dog absorptive capacity (SI)

Dog: lower

Cat: higher

Dog vs cat SA:BW ration

Dog: lower ratio

Cat: higher ratio

Why do Dog and Cat’s saliva differs from humans?

lack salivary amylase

Dog oral digestion (how many teeth?)

Dogs tend to swallow with minimal chewing.

have 12 incisors and 4 canine

Dogs have more premolars & molars

Dogs have 42 permanent teeth

Cat oral digestion (how many teeth?)

12 incisors and 4 canine

30 permanent teeth

What kind of diet do Cats tend to select for?

low starch diet

Dog vomiting

common in dogs. Effective defense mechanism to expel toxins from the gut.

How dogs vs cats prefer to eat

Dogs are “meal” feeders. Cats tend to be “snack” feeders.

How can dogs expand their stomachs for storage?

Proximal stomach in dogs capable of expansion for temporary storage.

What enzyme does cats rely on

Pepsin (for collagen digestion)

how come dogs can adapt to high lvls of starch more rapidly than cats?

Pancreatic amylase – 3x higher in the dog than the cat. Hence dogs adapt to high levels of dietary starch more rapidly than cats.

Cats exhibit lower activity of the brush border enzymes. Hence cats can only tolerate starch levels up to 4 g/kg bodyweight before diarrhea results; dogs can consume up to 2.5 times that level without any side-effects.

Variability in feeding dogs

Due to drastic size differences

Maintenance energy requirements may range from 110 to ~4,000 kcal/d.

Energy use correlated with surface area.

Surface area per unit weight decreases with size.

Energy requirements and Metabolic BW – BW0.67-0.88

Variability in feeding cats

• Energy requirements less variable

• Breed differences in cats much smaller

• Weight ranges 3 – 10 kg

• Growth curves consistent

• Individual energy reqs may vary by 50% or more above or below average reqs.

How does neutering affect the amount of calories needed by cats & dogs?

Reduces calories need by 25% for digs & 24-33% in cats

Glucokinase In cats?

Glucokinase & Hexokinase in cats?

Glucokinase is virtually absent

Hexokinase has optimal activity at low glucose

concentrations. (Phosphorylated & metabolized for energy)

This is consistent with high protein and low carb diets. (Carnivores)

Bc carbs normally become glucose in non-carnivores