Y10 History MOCKS

What were the believed causes of illness in the medieval period?

Religious ideas → God sent illness as a punishment, taught by church
Four Humours → Imbalance of fluids cause illness
Miasmata → Air full of harmful fumes that cause disease
Astrology → Alignment of planets affected humans

What were the treatments for illness in the medieval period?

Herbal Remedies → Aloe vera, rose oils, honey
Rebalancing Four Humours → Purging, bloodletting
Religious Treatments → Prayers, flaggelation

What were the methods of prevention in the medieval period?

Hygiene → Public baths
Diet → Eating too much made you sick
Purifying air → Flowers, clean toilets, carry flowers

Who was Hippocrates and what did he do?

An ancient Greek physician who believed in the 4 humours and needed to be balanced

Who was Galen and what did he do?

A Greek, ancient Rome physician who found out more about anatomy and developed the theory of opposites

Name all the medieval medics and a short description

Monks and nuns → Provided hospital care
Barber surgeons → Least qualified, pull teeth and bleed
Apothecaries → Mixed herbal remedies, used books to inform what herbs to use and prescribed poisons
Physicians → Diagnose illness, recommend treating and had a degree

Physicians had a medical degree which took _____ years to complete.
Physicians studied at universities such as ______________

7-10
Oxford, Cambridge, Paris and Padua

By 1500, how many hospitals were in Britain?

1100

What % of hospitals were owned by the Church?

30

Which people were often rejected treatment in hospitals?

Insane people and pregnant people

Most people would be treated at _____ by a female family member → ______ Women.
They would _________ and acts as ________

Home, Wise
Mix herbal remedies, midwives

Why were wise women quite popular?

Treated pregnant women → Everyone could get treated
Used popular treatments → Herbal Remedies

Why did people go to Apothecaries over Physicians?

Cheaper Costs → More can access
Gave treatment rather than advice

How did the church influence medieval medicine?

Controlled education, promoted Galen/Hippocrates, cared for sick in hospitals

Why did medical progress stay limited in the medieval times?

Church influence, reliance on Galen, little scientific testing, no understanding of germs

Why was surgery dangerous in the medieval times?

Infection, no anaesthetic, dirty tools, limited anatomy knowledge

What was public health like in medieval towns?

Poor sanitation, waste in streets, contaminated water, overcrowding

When did the Black Death arrive in England?

1348

What were the symptoms of the Black Death?

Buboes, fever, sickness, and black patches on skin

What caused the Black Death according to medical knowledge?

Bacteria spread by fleas on rats

What did medieval people believe caused the Black Death?

God’s punishment and miasma

What treatments were used for the Black Death?

Prayer, bloodletting, herbal remedies, and flagellation

What prevention methods were used during the Black Death?

Carrying flowers, burning herbs, quarantining, and prayer

Why did most Black Death treaments fail?

People did not understand germs or bacteria

Who was Andreas Vesalius?

A doctor who improved knowledge of human anatomy through dissections

Why was Vesalius important?

He proved some of Galen’s ideas wrong

How did the printing press help medicine?

It spread medical ideas more quickly

Who was William Harvey?

A doctor who discovered the circulation of blood

Why was Harvey’s discovery important?

It improved understanding of the body

Who was Ambroise Pare?

A surgeon who improved surgical treatments

How did Pare improve surgery?

Used ointment instead of boiling oil and tied blood vessels with ligatures

How did the Renaissance encourage medical progress?

More questioning and scientific investigation

Why did progress remain limited in the Renaissance?

No understanding of germs and strong belief in old ideas

When was the Great Plague?

1665

What prevention method were used during the Great Plague?

Quarantine, shutting theatres, killing animals, and plague doctors

Why was quarantine used?

To stop infected people spreading disease

How was the Great Plague response different from the Black Death

Greater government involvement and stricter rules

Who developed Germ Theory?

Louis Pasteur

What did Germ Theory state?

Microorganisms cause disease

Why was Germ Theory important?

It changed understanding of disease and led to new treatments

What did Robert Koch discover?

Specific bacteria cause specific diseases

Which diseases did Koch identify bacteria for?

Tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax

Why was surgery dangerous before the 1800s?

Pain, infection, and blood loss

Who developed anaesthetics?

James Simpson used chloroform

Why were anaesthetics important?

They made surgery painless

Who developed antiseptics?

Joseph Lister

Why were antiseptics important?

They reduced infection during surgery

Who discovered penicillin?

Alexander Fleming

Why was penicillin important?

It killed bacteria and treated infections

Why was penicillin not immediately available?

Difficulties producing it in large amounts

Why has technology improved medicine?

Better diagnosis, scanning, and treatment

Why is DNA important in medicine?

It helps understanding of genetic diseases and treatments

What is vaccination?

Using weakened or dead pathogens to create immunity

Why are vaccinations important?

They prevent the spread of infectious diseases

What stayed the same between medieval and Renaissance medicine?

Continued belief in Galen and limited understanding of disease

What changed between medieval and Renaissance medicine?

More scientific observation and dissections

How did surgery improve during the industrial period?

Anaesthetics and antiseptics made surgery safer

Why was the Industrial period important for medicine?

Major advances in Germ Theory, surgery, and public health

Which factor most improved medicine over time?

Science and technology

When did the Black Death arrive in England?

1348

When was the Great Plague?

1665

When did Pasteur publish Germ Theory

1861

When was the first major piece of public health legislation?

1848 Public Health Act

When did Lister developed antiseptics?

1865

When was penicillin discovered?

1928

What were trench conditions like on the Western Front?

Muddy, overcrowded, unsanitary, and full of rats and lice

What caused trench foot?

Standing in cold, wet trenches for long periods

Why was trench foot dangerous?

It could lead to infection and amputation

What injuries were common on the Western Front?

Shrapnel wounds, gunshot wounds, burns, and gas attacks

Why were infections common in WW1?

Dirt, mud, and bacteria entered wounds early

What was the order of the chain of evacuation?

Regimental Aid Post → Advanced Dressing Station → Casualty Clearing Station → Base Hospital

What happened at the Regimental Aid Post?

Basic first aid and emergency treatment close to the trenches

What happened at the Casualty Clearing Station?

Serious surgery and advanced medical treatment took place

What happened at Base Hospitals?

Long-term recovery and specialist treatment

Why was the chain of evacuation important?

It ensured wounded soldiers received treatment quickly and efficiently

What is triage?

Prioritising patients based on urgency of treatment

Why was triage important on the Western Front?

Huge numbers of injured soldiers needed treatment quickly

Why was the Thomas splint important?

It reduced deaths from broken leg injuries

How did the Thomas splint reduce deaths?

It kept the leg still and reduced blood loss

How did x-rays help doctors during WW1?

They helped locate bullets and shrapnel inside the body

Why were blood transfusions important during WW1?

They replaced lost blood and saved lives

What was the Carrel-Dakin method?

A treatment using antiseptic solution to clean wounds

Who was Harold Gillies and why was he important?

A surgeon who developed plastic surgery techniques and he improved facial reconstruction surgery for injured soldiers

Who developed the Thomas splint?

Hugh Owen Thomas originally designed it and Robert Jones promoted its use in WW1

Why did medicine improved during WW1?

New technology, urgency, government support, and experience treating injuries

How did WW1 improve surgery?

Better infection control, blood transfusions, X-rays, and plastic surgery

Why is the Western Front important in medical history?

It accelerated developments in surgery and emergency treatments

What did F.A.N.Y do and how many volunteered in 1914?

Provided frontline support for medical services including nursing, ambulance driving and emergency treatment. 500 volunteered

What is neurosurgery?

Brain surgery

What’s the difference between a local anaesthetic and a general anesthetic?

Local numbs a certain area but general puts the patient to sleep

What were the problems with brain surgery?

Blood loss, bleeding with brain, metal fragments

What did the CCS do knowing mean who were operated on quickly had a higher chance of survival?

Developed specialist brain surgery centres

How long did the CCS make patients spend in the station after brain surgery, after knowing the risks?

3 weeks

When was Harold Gillies sent to the Western Front and how many operations did he peform?

January 1915, 11,000+

From 1917, where were facial reconstructive surgeries held and how many operations were carried out by the end of the war?

Queen’s Hospital in Sidcup Kent. 12,000 by the end of the war

How many British casualties were in the Battle of Somme in total and on the first day?

c. 420,000 in total, c. 57,000 on the first day

How many British deaths were in the Battle of Somme in total and on the first day?

c. 125,000 in total, c. 19,000 on the first day

How many British soldiers were treated by the RAMC during WW1?

2 million

How many British soldiers died and were wounded during WW1?

750,000 died and 1.7 million were wounded

What was the survival rate for a fractured femur before and after the Thomas Splint?

Before: 20%, After: 80%