constantino - psych test 2

Activation-Synthesis Theory

The theory that dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of neural static

Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

Unusual physical action that takes place while dreaming

Psychoactive Drugs

Drugs that alter the brain’s normal operation

Circadian Rhythm

The body’s 24-hour biological cycle

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Part of the brain that controls circadian rhythm found in the hypothalamus

Narcolepsy

Inability to control when one sleeps and uncontrollably falls asleep

Hypocretin

Hormone that becomes unbalanced in narcolepsy

Neuroadaptation

The brain’s ability to get used to drugs requiring larger amounts for the same effect

Consciousness

Ability to be aware of internal and external stimuli

Hypnosis

A highly focused trance-like state of consciousness

Social Influence Theory

The idea that people under hypnosis follow roles or authority figures

Alpha Waves

Brain waves present when awake

Nicotine Appears Calming Because

It relieves withdrawal symptoms

Purposes of Sleep

Rest recuperation remembering growth and protection

Insomnia

Inability to sleep

Hypersomnia

Extreme need for sleep

Sleep Apnea

Condition where a person stops breathing during sleep

Behavior Modification

Therapy where hypnosis has been shown useful

Hypnosis and Pain

Dissociates pain by focusing attention elsewhere

Night Terrors

Extremely vivid nightmares where a person acts out dreams

Why We Dream

Filing memories neural pathway work neural static and entertainment

Delta Waves

Brain waves during deep Stage 4 sleep

Pineal Gland

Part of the brain that produces sleep hormones

Melatonin

Sleep-regulating hormone

Adenosine

Hormone that builds sleep pressure

REM Rebound

Tendency to enter REM sleep more quickly after deprivation

Hobson and McCarley’s Dream Theory

Dreams are random neural firing shaped into a story

Activation-Synthesis

Hobson and McCarley’s theory of dreaming

Brainstem (Pons)

Dream generator according to Hobson and McCarley

Mnemonic Devices

Phrases or acronyms used to remember complex information

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Physical security love self-esteem self-actualization

Repetition

Key to making an association

Ratio Reinforcement

Reinforcement based on number of actions

Learning

Making an association

Behaviorism Appeals Because

It is objective

Syllogism

Logical process drawing a conclusion from two related statements

Skinner’s Operant Chamber

Based on Thorndike’s puzzle box

Primary Reinforcement

Reinforcement based on a basic biological need

Classical Conditioning Association

Stimulus and response

Operant Conditioning Association

Action and consequence

Prisoner’s Dilemma Snitching

Lack of trust and desire to avoid worst sentence

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation created by behaviorism

Operant vs Classical Conditioning

Operant uses consequences while classical associates stimuli

Fixed Reinforcement Schedule

Continuous or set reinforcement

John Watson

Behaviorist who terrorized a baby with loud noise and bunny

Behaviorist View of Personality

A collection of associations

Conditioned Response

Response that remains when UCS is no longer paired with CS

Punishment

Anything done to stop a behavior

Behaviorist Learning Bias

Association and adaptation

Law of Effect

Rewarded behavior is likely to occur

Latent Learning

Learning without immediate reward

Aversion Therapy

Therapy behaviorism is best suited for

Shaping

Reward increased or punishment decreased as behavior improves

Linguistic Determinism

The theory that language affects thought

Morpheme

Smallest unit of meaning such as ma

Skinner on Language Development

Children develop speech to please parents

Problem-Solving Steps

Framing heuristics algorithm insight solutions

Insight

Sudden realization of a solution

Semantics

Rules affecting word meanings

Anchor Point Theory

Information stored around main ideas

Telegraphic Speech

Simple two-word sentences

Cognition

Another word for thinking

Animal Language

Bees dance

Parietal Lobe

Brain area responsible for language development

Critical Period for Language

If not developed by age twelve language will not be learned

Framing

Approaching a problem in a particular way

Phonemes

Basic sounds of a language

Confirmation Bias

Seeking information that supports existing beliefs

Functional Fixedness

Inability to see problems from a new perspective

Syntax

Rules for structuring sentences

One-Word Stage

Occurs around age one

Noam Chomsky

Theorist who believed language is inborn

Universal Grammar

Innate language rules proven by Creole languages

Ad Hominem

Argument attacking the person instead of the argument

Arousal Theory of Motivation

Motivation to reach optimal experience

Primary Drives

Biological needs

Drive-Reduction Theory

Motivation to meet basic physical needs

Hypothalamus

Controls hunger

Short-Term Memory Capacity

Seven plus or minus two items

Homeostasis

Balanced internal state

Desensitization

Reduced response after repeated exposure

Anorexia

Eating disorder where a person does not eat

Human Contact Importance

Needed for proper brain and health development

Sexual Response Cycle

Excitement plateau orgasm resolution

Neophobia

Fear of new things

Chunking

Grouping information to increase memory capacity

Kin Selection

Genetic traits passed through relatives

Cause of Eating Disorders

Anxiety over social standards

Teen Sex Reduction Factors

Religion after-school activities parental presence

Teen Sex Increase Girls

Lack of father figure

Bulimia

Binge eating followed by purging

After Purging

Depression