Thirty Years War/Schmalkaldic League

The Peace of Westphalia

(1648) ended religious wars but also ended the idea of a unified Christian society.
1. The Peace of Augsburg was reinstated, but Calvinism was added as acceptable for Germany
2. The Edict of Restitution was revoked, guarentting the possesion of former Church states to their Protestant holders.
3. Switzerland and Holland were made independent states, freed from the Hapsburg dominions.
4. France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (future Prussia received various territories)
5. The German princes were made sovereign rulers, severely limiting the power of the Holy Roman Emperor and the influence of the Austrian and Spanish Hapsburgs.

Netherlands

-Were organized into many provinces(7) and only the recognition of Charles as a ruler united the provinces
-Delegates from these provinces meant in the states general together
-Accepted Charles because he spoke Flemish, Philip only spoke Spanish so he wasn't accepted by them

The German States

-Luther appealed to German patriotism
-Charles did not want Protestanism in his country
-Charles did not really take an interest in Germany's problems
(Charles V and his territories erupt into warfare over religious and political reasons. Conflict ends with the peace of aubsburg settlement in 1555.)

Peace of Aubsburg

-1555
Gave each German Prince the right to determine the religion of his state, either Catholic or Protestant
-Cuius Religio, Eius Religio, (whose religion, his religion)
-Went to War to try to stop the spread of protestanism and regain lost lands

The Wars of Religion Dates

1543:1648

30 years War

European wide conflict which is fought on german soil.
Lasts from 1618-1648, and ends with the peace of westphalia.
1. The first continent wide war in modern history, fought mostly in Germany, it involved the major European war.
2. It was the culmination of the religious wars of the 16th century between Catholics and Protestants
3. Politically, German princes sought autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire; France sought to limit the power of the Hapsburgs who Hapsburgs who sought to extend Hapsburg power in Germany; Sweden and Denmark hoped to strengthen their hold over the Baltic region.

Order of the Phases of the 30 Years War

-Bohemian Phase
-Danish Phase
-Swedish Phase
-French-International Phase

Long Term Causes of the 30 Years War

1. Hapsburgs try to exert more authority on their territory
2. Calvinism is not accepted
3. German disunity- princes always try to defend/protect their own state
4. Counter Reformation: Made religious rivalries intensify/was troublesome for protestant princes
5. Spain's hostility with the German princes
6. Ferdinand has to respond when his ministers were thrown out of the window
7. Ferdinand V of Bohemia- elected by the Bohemians as the new king (King of Bohemia.) He was a calvinist, outbreak of Boheamian phase of the war. Ferdianand now has a usurper on the throne

Edict of Restitution

Takes back all church lands that have been confiscated since 1555, restores all the Catholic States in Germany that haf been secularized before the Peace of Augsburg
Causes a crystillization between the Hapsburg and Anti Hapsburg Camp
-1629

Bohemian Phase of the War

The Bohemians, were largely Calvinist. They threw officials out of a window (Defenestration of Prague) and installed a new king, A calvinist, Frederick V.
Thenm Ferdinand the 2nd became HRE and King of Bohemia.
Supported by troops of the Spanish Hapsburgs, he defeated the Bohemians at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, gave away the lands of the Protestant nobles, and enabled the Spanish to consolidate power along the Rhine River.

The Danish Phase

Christian IV of Denmark, a Lutheran, entered the war to bolster the weakened Protestant position in Germany and to annex German lands for his son.
Ferdinand 2nd countered by commissioning Albert of Wallenstein (1625-1629 ) to raise a mercenary army, which pillaged and plundered Germany and defeated the Danes in 1626.

The Swedish Phase of the War

Cardinal Richelieu, Roman Catholic regent of France, was concerned with the gains made by the Hapsburg emperor in Germany. He offered subsidies to encourage Gustavus Adolphus to enter the war.
Adolphus earned decisive victories against the Hapsburg forces, but was then killed. Wallenstein was assinated for contemplating disloyalty to the emperor, and the Protestant state of Germany made a seperate peace w/the empire
The Peace of Prague revoked the Edict of Restitution, and the Swedes were defeated.

The French International Phase

-France, Holland, and Savoy entered the war in 1635 on the Swedish Side. Spain continued to support the Austrian Hapsburgs. Henri Turenne, defeated the Spanish at Rocroi, signaling the end of the war.

Effects of the Thirty Years' War

1. Germany was devastated, its population reduced in some parts by a third. It stagnated, postponing its entrance as a sovereign united nation for almost 2 centuries and complicated its relationships w/the rest of the world.
2. The age of religious wars ended; the modern age of sovereign states began in Europe, and balance of power politics prevauled whereby countries went to war to prevent any one country from dominating the country
3. The Haspburgs were weakened and the Austrian monarchy lost most of its influence over Germany, ending the possibility of a Europe united under the Hapsburgs.
4. The Catholic and Counter Reformation was slowe and Protestantism was accepted
5. The Holy Roman Empire ceased to be a viable structure
6. Calvinism gained acceptance
7. Anabaptists were persecuted and disappeared as a religion

Charles V's Universal Monarchy

-Combination of territories and titles
-Causes anxiety amongst various states because people believe he has too much power.

Centralization

All power centrals in/around one party or person
We have seen this happening in England, France, and Spain,but not in Germany.

Charles not being in Germany

-Causes a poltiical vacuum
-By him not being in Germany, there is no power/authority, and this benefits the princes

Charles V's accomplishments at Worms

-Charles the 5th consolidates his power at Worms
-He gets princes to pledge an oath of allegiance to him and gets them to agree to Ferdinand's regency.

Ferdinand's Regency

Charles renounces his title/trinity of duchy of austria and gives it to ferdinand. He strikes Duisburg agreement- Charles agrees to disinherit his unborn son in favor of Ferdinand becoming the next holy roman empire.

What German princes gained from Charles agreement

-If Charles doesn't have an heir, the princes can elect one
-In person of Charles, the Hapsburg Family united. In the next emperor, there will not be a Hapsburg who holds all that power. By Charles disinheriting his son, they got the Hapsburg power to break up/family to split up.

Causes of German territiories Expanison of Power

1521-1525
-Swabian League Alliance: South german states that all allied together. This alliance stopped hostitlity between north and south in Germany
-Victory in the Knights War- Knights rebel against king because they feel there role in sociey has been diminished, king crushes them
-Victory in peasanrs revolt- seen as a victory for the monarchy
-Recess of 2nd diet of speyer: Luthers imperial ban is put back on. (Taken off at the first diet)

Challenges to Power

1518-1529
-International Affairs: Desperate need for troops
-Turkish advance on Vienna
-Conflict with France- Dynastic conflict between Charles V and France over land
-Growing support for the reformation
-Recess of the first diet of Speyer: 1526

Economic Factors that affected power

-Population increase: 1500-1550
-Great land scarcity in Germany
-People are on the move
-Northern states dominated the baltic trade. Now trade is being put under pressure because of atlantic trade by british, dutch, and porteguese.
-Price revolution: because of cheap spanish silver, prices of common commidities are skyrocketing.

Casual/Structural Poor

-Casual Poor: People who are struggling to make ends meet but it is just temp
-structural poor: people who are stuck in poverty

Things that led to political rooting of the reformation
(DEFINE LATER IF NOT DONE ALREADY)

1521: Edict of Worms
1526: First diet of speyer= ban lifted
1529: Second diet of speyer= the protest
1530- Diet of Augsburg
1531: Schmalkaldic League is formed
1534: Schmalkaldic invasion of Wurttemberg
1546-47: Schmalkaldic League War
1552: Princes War
1555: Peace of Augsburg

Why cant' church condem Luther

-He gets the support of German nobility/electors like Frederick of Saxony
-They think there is some legitimacy to what he is saying
-Can't condemn luther because then he would be legitimizing church abuses

Schmalkaldic League

Alliance of German States. Formed by newly Protestant princes to defend themselves against the emperor. Charles appealed to the pope to call a church council that could compromise with the Lutherans and regain their allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church

Recess of Augsburg

-Ferdinand issues a standstill in 1532, says to suspend the recesses of Ausburg/Speyer

Battle of Muhlburg

-Charles V tells protestants to return to faith
-Catholic princes of the HRE begins to ally with Charles, and Charles decisively defeats the Lutheran Princes of the Schmalkaldic League

Schmalkaldic War

-Refers to the short period of violence between Charles V and the Schmalkaldic League. Charles begins to form alliances with pope and the schmalkaldic league feels he wants power. They end up at war

Princes War 1552

-Maurice leads troops against Charles and comes back into league
-Treaty of Passau is signed allowing Lutheranism
-Prince War: Henry the 2nd of France , Maurice of Saxony , Schmalkaldic League vs. Charles. Charles was driven out of Germany by the Schmalkaldic League

Confession of Augsburg

1530
Document outlining primarry confession of the Lutheran faith

Protestanism in Ireland

The English ruling class in Ireland adopted the new faith.
Most of the Irish people defiantly remained Catholic.

Lutheranism in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark

In Sweden, Norway, and Denmark the monarchy led the religious reformation.
The result was Lutheran state churches.

The Catholic Reformation

sought to stimulate a new religious fervor.

The Counter Reformation

started in the 1540s as a reaction to Protestantism and progressed simultaneously with the Catholic Reformation.

Council of Trent

(1545-1563).
An attempt to reconcile with the Protestants failed.
International politics hindered the theological debates.
-Called by Pope Paul the 3rd
-Gave equal importance to scriptures, traditions, and 7 sacrements (rejected lutheranism)

Results of the Council of Trent

the principle of papal authority was maintained, considerable reform was undertaken, and the spiritual renewal of the church was begun.
Attempts were made to curb clerical immorality and to encourage education.
Great emphasis was placed on preaching.
They Reaffirmed:
1. Salvation is both by good works and faith
2. Seven Sacrememnts are valid, and Transsubstantiation was reaffirmed
3. Bible, Church Fathers, and Church traditions are sources of authority. People cannot interpret the bible for themselves, and the popes interpretation is the best interpretation
4. Monasticism, and the existence of purgatory were reaffirmed

Fifth Lantern Council

-1512-1515
-Last ecumenical council before Trent
-Pope Julius the second promised he would call an ecumenical council to address reform issues
-Council disbands without addressing reforms

Things that hindered reforms

-Renainssance popes more interested in material things rather than the people's welfare
-Roman Cutia- slow moving, takes a long time to get anything done, procedures must be followed exactly
-Worldliness of the clergy
-Turkish crusade
-Hapsburg vs. Valois

Conciliarism

-The idea that meetings of church leaders would get together and make decisions