basic prin disease chapter 7

Neoplasm

New abnormal growth of tissue; tumor

Benign Tumor

Noncancerous growth that remains localized

Malignant Tumor

Cancerous growth capable of invasion and metastasis

Carcinoma

Malignant tumor arising from epithelial tissue

Sarcoma

Malignant tumor arising from connective tissue

Leukemia

Cancer of blood-forming tissues and white blood cells

Lymphoma

Cancer of the lymphatic system

Melanoma

Malignant tumor of melanocytes

Oncogene

Mutated gene promoting uncontrolled cell growth

Tumor Suppressor Gene

Gene that limits cell division and repairs DNA

Metastasis

Spread of cancer cells to distant tissues

Chemotherapy

Drug treatment used to destroy cancer cells

Compare benign andmalignant tumors.

Benign tumors remain localized and generally grow slowly. Malignant tumors invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize.

Define carcinoma, sarcoma,and leukemia.

Carcinoma originates in epithelial tissue, sarcoma originates in connective tissue,and leukemia affects blood-forming tissues.

Describe malignant tumor behavior.

Malignant tumors invade nearby tissues, spread through blood or lymphatic vessels, and may recur after treatment.

Explain proto-oncogenes and oncogenes.

Proto-oncogenes regulate growth. Mutations convert them into oncogenes that stimulate uncontrolled cell division.

What is the role of tumor suppressor genes?

They regulate cell division, repair DNA damage, and promote apoptosis.

How can viruses contribute to cancer?

Some viruses alter host DNA, activate oncogenes, or inactivate tumor suppressor genes.

Compare grading and staging.

Grading evaluates cell appearance; staging measures the extent of cancer spread.

Explain the TNM system.

T equals Tumor size, N equals lymph node involvement, and M equals metastasis

Compare surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.

Surgery removes tumors, radiation destroys cancer cells, chemotherapy uses drugs, and immunotherapy enhances immune responses.

What does metastasis mean?

The spread of cancer cells from the primary site to distant organs or tissues.

Why is staging important?

It guides treatment decisions, prognosis, and disease monitoring.