ethics prelim

It is guide and direct the performance and conduct of business leaders and their organizations.

ethical principles

It is based on the identification of rules that should direct people’s behavior.

ethics

moral philosophies: (4)

1. universalism

2. egoism

3. relativisim

4. utilitarianism

States that all people should uphold certain values, such as honesty, and other values that society needs to function

universalism

Defines satisfactory behavior as an act that takes full advantage of the consequences for an individual.

egoism

It is an ethical behavior on the opinions and behaviors of relevant other people.

relativism

It seeks ‘the greatest good for the greatest number of people’.

utilitarianism

problem identified:

• Economic outcomes or costs and/or potential profit of an option

• Legal requirements or compliance with laws

• Ethical duties, which identifies actions

ethical duties: (6)

1. proud to receive acceptance thereof

2. capable of building a sense of community

3. can generate the greatest social good

4. willing to share benefits

5. does not harm, especially the least among us

6. does not interfere with the right of everyone to develop their skills completely

level of moral judgement, lawrence kohlberg’s model of cognitive moral development: (3)

1. pre-conventional stage

2. conventional stage

3. post-conventional stage

where people make decisions based on concrete rewards and punishments and pressing self- interest.

pre-conventional stage

where people observe the rules according to the potentials of ethical behavior held by groups or civilizations such as society, family or peers

conventional stage

where people see beyond authority, laws, and norms and follow their self- chosen ethical principles

post-conventional stage

key ethical issues in business:

1. consumerism

2. social responsibility of the government and businesses

3. pay disparity

4. globalization and urban sprawl

• Business must take care of their customer’s needs and satisfactions.

• If consumers are unhappy, it’s a warning sign that companies are not addressing their responsibilities properly.

consumerism

Local governments (Taguig City) provide free or low-cost medicines to help poor citizens—showing care for people’s welfare.

social responsibility of the government and businesses

income inequality

pay disparity

• There’s a big gap between what regular workers earn and the salaries of top executives (CEOs).

• This is an ethical issue because fairness and equality in income distribution are questioned

pay disparity

The expansion of large businesses can hurt small enterprises and harm the environment.

globalization and urban sprawl

• Is viewed by many as the founding figure of Western philosophy.

• He grew up during the golden age of Pericles’ Athens, served with merit as a soldier, but became best acknowledged as a questioner of everything and everyone.

• His passion for definitions and hairsplitting questions inspired the advancement of formal logic and systematic ethics, from the time of Aristotle through Renaissance, and into modern era.

socrates

• He was a Greek philosopher whose family was one of their most distinguished in Athens.

• His philosophies and their contribution to ethical studies include “The Composition of the State”. (the 4 virtues)

plato

plato’s 4 virtues (the composition of the state)

1. Knowledge or wisdom

2. Courage

3. Temperance

4. Justice

When present in the whole, will be inherent in the smallest part, and the one which takes the lead and directs the rest.

knowledge or wisdom

that part which goes inside an arena and battles in its defense.

courage

control of certain desires and cravings.

temperance

universal principle that everyone ought to perform as a role in the community that best suits his nature.

justice

• He was sent in Athens to study in Plato’s Academy when he was only seventeen.

• His treatises have contributed to the study of ethics, as exemplified in his postulates in the “The Good Citizen’ and the “Good Man’

aristotle

• He was born in the year 550 BC, in a small village in the land of Lu, located in the western part of the modern province of Shantung.

• His father was a poor military officer, but he could trace his decent from imperial house of Yin.

confucius

a mix of ethical principles, classical philosophies, and belief systems that guide how people think and act.

value system

is shaped by our history, culture, religion, and local traditions.

Filipino Value System

The Filipino Value System:

1. Faith and Resilience

2. Respect for Authority

3. High Regards for Self-Esteem (Hiya)

4. Unity and Cooperation

5. Strong Family Ties and Loyalty

• Filipinos are known for their strong faith, especially during disasters.

• The saying “Bahala na Diyos” shows faith but can sometimes lead to fatalism.

Faith and Resilience

leaving everything to fate instead of taking action

fatalism

• Filipino value respect for elders and those in power.

• This can be seen in how we treat parents, teachers, and leaders.

• But too much can stop people from being independent thinkers.

Respect for Authority

• Filipinos are sensitive to how others see them.

• They avoid actions that might embarrass but hurt other’s feelings.

• This helps maintain harmony in relationships but may sometimes stop people from being honest or assertive.

High Regards for Self-Esteem

• Filipino show unity, especially in times of crisis.

• Unity can sometimes be limited to close groups.

• Example: helping neighbors, community projects, and relief operations.

Unity and Cooperation

• Family comes first.

• Loyalty, trust, and support are strongest within the family circle.

• Outside the family, trust is earned slowly.

Strong Family Ties and and Loyalty

Filipino Values and Relationships in Society:

1. Compadrazgo (Godparenthood or Sponsorship)

2. Utang na Loob (Debt of Gratitude)

3. Suki System (Market Exchange Partnership)

4. Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES)

A system of ritual kinship where people become ninongs or ninangs (godparents) in events like baptism, confirmation, or marriage.

Compadrazgo (Godparenthood or Sponsorship)

A Filipino value where someone feels deep gratitude and obligation to repay kindness or help received.

Utang na Loob (Debt of Gratitude)

A trust based relationship between a regular buyer and seller.

Suki System (Market Exchange Partnership)

A nationwide study by the National Statistics Office that shows how Filipino families earn and spend money.

Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES)