Semester exam LIN

Functions of the blood include

A) Transport of nutrients and wastes.

B) Regulation of pH and electrolyte concentration of interstitial fluids.

C) Restricting fluid loss.

D) Body defense.

E) all of the above

E. All of the above

The percentage of solids in a sample of human blood is normally about

A) 45 percent.

B) 10 percent.

C) 25 percent.

D) 70 percent.

E) 90 percent

A) 45 percent

Fresh whole blood is usually collected from

A) The heart.

B) A superficial artery.

C) A superficial vein.

D) A capillary.

E) An arteriole

C) A superficial vein.

The chief difference between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the

A) Amount of water.

B) Quantity of electrolytes.

C) Quantity of organic wastes.

D) Concentration of dissolved gases and proteins.

E) Concentration of glucose

D) Concentration of dissolved gases and proteins.

Which of the following is an granulocyte?

A) Erythrocyte

B) WBC

C) Monocyte

D) Eosinophil

E) Thrombocyte

D) Eosinophil

Red blood cells are formed in

A) The liver.

B) The spleen.

C) Red bone marrow.

D) Yellow bone marrow.

E) Lymph nodes.

C) Red bone marrow.

Stem cells responsible for the production of white blood cells originate in the

A) Liver.

B) Thymus.

C) Spleen.

D) Bone marrow.

E) Lymph tissue.

D) Bone marrow.

Platelets are

A) Giant, multinucleated cells.

B) Cytoplasmic fragments.

C) Immature leukocytes.

D) Both A and B

E) All of the above

B. cytoplasmic fragments

The average life span of a red blood cell is

A) 1 week.

B) 1 month.

C) 4 months.

D) 6 months.

E) 1 year

c. 4 months

The function of hemoglobin is to

A) Carry oxygen.

B) Protect the body against infectious agents.

C) Aid in the process of blood clotting.

D) Carry nutrients from the intestine to the body's cells.

E) All of the above

A) carry oxygen

Platelets release

which causes local vasoconstriction

A) Serotonin

B) Epinephrine

C) Collagen

D) Prostaglandin

E) Fibrin

A) Serotonin

Each heme group in a molecule of hemoglobin contains

A) 1

B) 2

C) 3

D) 4

E) 1/2

A) 1

In adults, erythropoiesis primarily takes place in

A) The liver.

B) Yellow bone marrow.

C) Myeloid tissue.

D) The spleen.

E) The kidneys.

C) Myeloid tissue.

Having too many red blood cells is called

A) erythrocytosis.

B) erythropenia.

C) hemocytosis.

D) erythropoiesis.

E) hematopenia

A) erythrocytosis.

A person's blood type is determined by the

A) Size of the red blood cells.

B) Shape of the red blood cells.

C) Chemical character of the hemoglobin.

D) Presence or absence of specific molecules on the cell membrane.

E) Number of specific molecules on the cell membrane.

D. presence or absence of specific molecules on the cell membrane

Neutrophils

A) Are granular leukocytes.

B) Are phagocytic.

C) Have lobed nuclei.

D) Are active in fighting bacterial infection.

E) All of the above

E. All of the above

Which of the following is the MOST active phagocytically?

A) Neutrophils

B) Eosinophils

C) Basophils

D) Lymphocytes

E) Erythrocytes

neutrophils

The white blood cells that are important in producing antibodies are the

A) Neutrophils.

B) Eosinophils.

C) Basophils.

D) Lymphocytes.

E) Monocytes

D. Lymphocytes

Platelets function in

A) Transporting chemicals important for clotting.

B) Forming temporary patches in injured areas.

C) Contraction after clot formation.

D) Initiating the clotting process.

E) All of the above

E. All of the above

Agglutinogens of the various blood types are examples of

A) Antibodies.

B) Proteins.

C) White blood cells.

D) Antigens.

E) None of the above

D antigens

The main event of the platelet phase is

A) Vascular spasm.

B) The activation of fibrinogen.

C) Clot retraction.

D) The formation of a platelet plug.

E) The contraction of platelets.

D) The formation of a platelet plug.

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by

A) The sticking of platelets to damaged tissue.

B) The activation of a proenzyme exposed to collagen.

C) The release of tissue factor by damaged endothelium.

D) The release of heparin from the liver.

E) The conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

C) release of tissue factor by a damaged endothelium.

Pus contains

A) Leukocytes.

B) Bacteria.

C) Damaged body cells.

D) Platelets.

E) All of the above

E. All of the above

A drifting blood clot is called an)

A) Embolus.

B) Thrombus.

C) Plaque.

D) Coagulant.

A) Embolus.

During a viral infection, you would expect to see increased numbers of

A) Neutrophils.

B) Eosinophils.

C) Basophils.

D) Lymphocytes.

E Thrombocytes

D) Lymphocytes.

Rat poison contains a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume rat poison would die of

A) Asphyxiation.

B) Acidosis.

C) Hemorrhage.

D) Leukemia.

E) Anemia.

C) Hemorrhage.

A person who lives in a city at sea level and vacations in the Rocky Mountains would experience an increase in

A) The number of platelets in the blood.

B) The number of lymphocytes in the blood.

C) His/her red blood cell count.

D) His/her white blood cell count.

E) The density of the bone marrow

C) His/her red blood cell count.

What effect would a drug that interferes with protein synthesis have on the development of red blood cells?

A) Fewer cells than normal would be formed.

B) The cells formed would not be able to carry as much oxygen as normal.

C) The cells formed would carry larger amounts of carbon dioxide.

D) The cells would be round like spheres.

E) All of the above

b) the cells formed would not be able to carry as much oxygen as normal

This disease is characterized by an inability to produce adequate amounts of two of th four globular protein components of hemoglobin

A) Sickle cell anemia

B) Thalassemia

C) Hematuria

D) Jaundice

E) Aplastic anemia

B) Thalassemia

Another term for the condition known as erythroblastosis fatalism is

A) Sensitization incompatibility.

B) Cross reaction.

C) Hemolytic disease of the newborn.

D) Anemia.

E) None of the above

C

where endothelial and smooth muscle cells contain large quantities of

lipids.

A) Clots

B) Emboli

C) Coagulation

D) Plaques

E) Stasis

D) Plaques

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of appearance for mature red blood cells?

A) Stem cell, erythroblast stage, proerythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC

B) Hemocytoblast, myeloblast, reticulocyte, megakaryocyte, RBC

C) Myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC

D) Monoblast, promonocyte, myelocyte, band cell, RBC

E) Lymphoblast, proerythroblast, reticulocyte, band cell, RBC

C) Myeloid stem cell, proerythroblast, erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC

Which grouping of conditions may result in an INCREASED red blood cell count?

A) Severe dehydration, diarrhea, polycythemia

B) Anemia, dehydration, leukemia

C) Anemia, dehydration, severe hemorrhage

D) Leukemia, anemia, severe dehydration

E) Anemia, polycythemia, dehydration

A) Severe dehydration, diarrhea, polycythemia

Which conditions) may result in an INCREASED white blood cell count?

A) Acute infections

B) Leukemia

C) Menstruation

D) Aplastic anemia

E) All of the above

E) All of the above

The inherited condition resulting from the inadequate production of clotting factors is termed

A) Anemia.

B) Thalassemia.

C) Jaundice.

D) Hemophilia.

E) None of the above

D) Hemophilia

Calcium ions and ? have an effect on nearly every aspect of the clotting process

A) Vitamin K

B) Vitamin A

C) Vitamin D

D) Vitamin E

E) Thiamin

A) Vitamin K

This condition results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of one of the globular proteins of the hemoglobin molecule

A) Hematuria

B) Aplastic anemia

C) Microcytic anemia

D) Jaundice

E) Sickle cell anemia

E) Sickle cell anemia

Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a punct wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate w' mixed with the anti-A sera but not with the anti-B or anti-Rh sera. This means

A) Bill could receive type B blood in a transfusion.

B) Bill could donate blood to an individual with type AB blood.

C) Bill is Rh-positive.

D) Bill's plasma contains B agglutinins.

E) Bill's plasma would cross-react with type 0 negative red blood cells.

B

A constriction of the arteries that carry blood to the kidneys would result in

A) Anemia.

B) Increased numbers of lymphocytes.

C) Increased erythropoiesis.

D) Decreased erythropoiesis.

E) Decreased elimination of vitamin K.

C) Increased erythropoiesis

How would a decrease in the concentration of calcium ion in the blood affect the process

of hemostasis?

A) Platelet plugs would fail to form.

B) Coagulation would proceed more rapidly.

C) Coagulation would proceed more slowly.

D) Retraction would occur prematurely.

E) Fibrinolysis would occur more quickly.

C) Coagulation would proceed more slowly.

The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of hemostasis and clot removal:

1.) coagulation

2.) fibrinolysis

3.) vascular spasm

4.) retraction

5.) platelet phase

The correct sequence of these steps is

A) 5,1,4,2,3.

B) 3,5, 1,4,2

C) 2,3,5,1,4

D) 3,4,5,2, 1

E) 4,3,5,2,1

B) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2

The condition of cyanosis is caused by increased levels of

A) Carbaminohemoglobin

B) Deoxyhemoglobin

C) Oxyhemoglobin

D) Carbon dioxide

E) Carbon monoxide

B) Deoxyhemoglobin

Platelets are formed from cells in the bone marrow called

A) Erythroblasts

B) Normoblasts

C) Megakaryocytes

D) Reticulocytes

E) Lymphoblasts

C) Megakaryocytes

Which of the following is NOT necessary for formation of a blood clot?

A) Albumin

B) Fibrinogen

C) Calcium

D) Prothrombin

E) Vitamin K

A) Albumin

? are large phagocytic WBC's that are " transformed" into phagocytic

macrophages at the site of an injury.

A) Neutrophils

B) Eosinophils

C) Basophils

D) Lymphocytes

E) Monocytes

E) Monocytes

The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the

A) Neutophils

B) Eosinophils

C) Basophils

D) Lymphocytes

E) Monocytes

A) Neutrophils

Type AB blood contains

A) A agglutinins on the red blood cells.

B) Agglutinogen A and B.

C) B agglutinogens on the red blood cells.

D) B agglutinins in the plasma.

E) Agglutinin A and B

B) Agglutinogen A and B

Red bone marrow is located in

A) The sternum

B) The ribs

C) Bodies of vertebrae

D) The ends of long bones

E) All of the above

E) All of the above

The basic event that causes a blood clot to form is the change of

A) Prothrombin to thrombin

B) Factor X to Factor Xa

C) Fibrinogen to fibrin.

D) Vitamin K to prothrombin

E) PDGF to platelet

C) Fibrinogen to fibrin

A hemoglobin molecule is composed of

A) Three protein chains and four heme groups.

B) Two protein chains and two heme groups.

C) Four protein chains and two heme groups.

D) Four protein chains and four heme groups.

E) Four protein chains and six heme groups.

D) Four protein chains and four heme groups.

The lymphatic system is composed of

A) Lymphatic vessels.

B) Lymph nodes.

C) The spleen.

D) A and B only

E) All of the above

E) All of the above

The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the

A) Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.

B) Lumbar duct and left lymphatic duct.

C) Intestinal duct and left intercostal duct.

D) Bronchomediastinal duct and subclavian duct.

E) None of the above

A) Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

A) Right lymphatic duct

B) Thoracic duct.

C) Inferior vena cava.

D) Superior vena cava.

E) Dural sinus.

B) Thoracic duct

Lymph nodes

A) Produce antibodies from specialized T cells.

B) Monitor the contents of lymph by removing debris and pathogens.

C) Act as a "check station" for cancer cells.

D) B and C only

E) All of the above

D) B and C only

The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels enter and exit is called the

A) Sinus.

B) Medulla.

C) Hilum.

D) Nodule.

E) Capsule.

C) Hilum.

? are large lymphatic nodules that are located in the walls of the pharynx.

A) Tonsils

B) Peyer's patches

C) Lymph nodes

D) Complements

E) Spleens

A) Tonsils

The red pulp of the spleen contains large numbers of

A) Red blood cells.

B) Macrophages.

C) Lymphocytes.

D) Neutrophils.

E) Antibodies.

A) Red blood cells

The spleen

A) Is the largest lymphatic organ.

B) Contains nodules similar to other lymphatic nodules.

C) Contains lymphocytes.

D) Is located in the left upper quadrant.

E) All of the above

E) All of the above

The body's nonspecific defenses include

A) Skin.

B) Complement.

C) Interferon.

D) Inflammation.

E) All of the above

E) All of the above

Immunological surveillance involves which of the following cells?

A) Memory T cells

B) Memory B cells

C) NK cells

D) Plasma cells

E) Monocytes

C) NK cells

The most active phagocytic cells found in circulating blood are

A) Neutrophils and monocytes.

B) Eosinophils and basophils.

C) Lymphocytes and monocytes.

D) Neutrophils and basophils.

E) None of the above

A) Neutrophils and monocytes.

The first line of cellular defense against pathogens is

A) T cells.

B) B cells.

C) NK cells.

D) Phagocytes.

E) Plasma cells.

D) Phagocytes.

All of the various macrophages are derived from

A) Lymphocytes.

B) Monocytes.

C) Neutrophils.

D) Basophils.

E) Eosinophils.

B) Monocytes

The cells primarily responsible for immunity are

A) Lymphocytes and macrophages.

B) Neutrophils and macrophages.

C) Monocytes and macrophages.

D) Eosinophils and lymphocytes.

E) Basophils and monocytes.

A) Lymphocytes and macrophages.

In active artificial immunity,

A) The immune system attacks normal body cells.

8) The body is deliberately exposed to an antigen.

C) The body noeives antibodies produced by another person.

D) The body receives antibodies produced by another animal.

E) Genes for antibodies are introduced into the body.

B) The body is deliberately exposed to an antigen.

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the

A) NK cells

B) B cells.

C) helper T cells.

D) cytotoxic T cells.

E) suppressor T cells.

B) B cells

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the

A) NK cells

B) B cells.

C) helper T cells.

D) cytotoxic T cells.

E) suppressor T cells.

B) B cells

Stem cells that will form T cells are modified in the

A) Bone marrow.

B) Liver.

C) Spleen.

D) Thymus.

E) Kidneys.

D) Thymus.

Immunoglobulins that are the largest class and are mainly responsible for resistance against viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

A) IgA.

B) IgD.

C) IgE.

D) IgG.

E) IgM.

E) IgM.

The immunoglobulins that can cross the placenta are the

A) IgA.

B) IgD.

C) IgE.

D) IgG.

E) IgM.

D) IgG

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions are

A) IgA.

B) IgD.

C) IgE.

D) IgG.

E) IgM.

A) IgA.

The binding of an antigen to an antibody can result in

A) Neutralization of the antigen.

B) Agglutination or precipitation.

C) Complement activation.

D) Destruction of the antigen.

E) All of the above

E) All of the above

The role of the spleen is slightly different than other lymph organs because it also

A) Produces antibodies.

B) Produces memory cells.

C) Filters blood

D) Filters lymph.

E) Contains lymphocytes.

C) Filters blood

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of

A) Antigens.

B) Antibodies.

C) Helper T cells.

D) Macrophages.

E) Plasma cells.

C) Helper T cells.

Newborn infants gain most of their immunity from

A) Early immunizations.

B) Contact with viruses and bacteria.

C) Antibodies passed from the mother across the placenta.

D) Contact with siblings.

E) Innate factors.

C) Antibodies passed from the mother across the placenta.

Lymphatic vessels that exit the lymph node are called

A) Lacteals.

B) Afferent lymphatic vessels.

C) Efferent lymphatic vessels.

D) Lymphatic trunks.

E) Lymphatic ducts.

C) Efferent lymphatic vessels

Changes in the immune system that accompany aging include

A) T cells becoming less responsive to antigens.

B) More cytotoxic T cells responding to infections.

C) Increased numbers of T helper cells.

D) Higher levels of antibodies after initial exposure to antigens.

E) All of the above

A) T cells becoming less responsive to antigens.

In an experimental situation, a virus is injected into a rabbit and the rabbit is allowed to make antibodies for the viral antigen. These antibodies are then removed from the rabbit plasma and injected into a human to help deal with the same viral disease. This would be an example of

A) Innate immunity.

B) Active immunization.

C) Passive immunization.

D) Natural immunity.

E) Autoimmunity.

C) Passive immunization.

Humoral immunity is the responsibility of the

A) Cytotoxic T cells.

B) Helper T cells.

C) Suppressor T cells.

D) B cells.

E) Plasma cells.

D) B cells

Infection with the HIV virus occurs through

A) Eating contaminated food.

B) Airborne droplets from coughs and sneezes.

C) Intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids.

D) Casual contact with an infected individual.

E) All of the above

C) Intimate contact with an infected person's body fluids.

Lymph reenters the venous system at the

A) Right and left subclavian veins.

B) Lymph nodes.

C) Thoracic duct.

D) Intestinal tract.

E) Vena cava.

A) Right and left subclavian veins.

Lymph nodules are composed of loose connective tissue containing densely packed

A) Peyer's patches.

B) Basophils.

C) Spleens.

D) Neutrophils.

E) Lymphocytes.

E) Lymphocytes.

The thymus gland is positioned

A) Posterior to the thyroid gland.

B) Just behind the sternum.

C) Inferior to the heart.

D) Posterior to the trachea.

E) In the inguinal region.

B) Just behind the sternum.

Identify the false statement regarding the thymus gland.

A) It is the site of T-cell maturation.

B) After puberty, the gland begins to atrophy.

C) The thymus gland has several lobes.

D) Lymphocytes in the cortex divide.

E) Thymuses within the structure produce Thymic hormones.

C) The thymus gland has several lobes.

This immunoglobulin is responsible for defense against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins.

A) IgA

B) IgD

C) IgE

D) IgG

E) IgM

E) IgM

The function of this immunoglobulin is to attack pathogens before they enter body tissues.

A) IgA

B) IgD

C) IgE

D) IgF

E) IgM

A) IgA

This class of chemical mediators stimulates the production of both microphages and monocytes

A) II-1

B) II-2

C) MIF

D) M-CSF

E) GM-CSF

E) GM-CSF

With advancing age, the immune system

A) Becomes more effective at combating disease.

B) Remains the same and is not affected by the aging process.

C) Has alternating periods of efficacy.

D) Becomes less effective at combating disease.

E) Becomes more responsive to antigens.

D) Becomes less effective at combating disease.

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

A) Circulation of nutrients.

B) The transport of hormones.

C) The production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes.

D) The production, maintenance, and distribution of plasma proteins.

E) All of the above

C) The production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes.

Anatomically, lymph vessels resemble

A) Elastic arteries.

B) Arterioles.

C) The vena cava.

D) Veins.

E) Muscular arteries.

D) Veins.

The formation of lymph would increase if there were a(n)

A) Increase in blood osmotic pressure.

B) Increase in tissue osmotic pressure.

C) Decrease in the volume of fissue fluid

D) Decrease in protein in the tissue fluid.

E) All of the above

B) Increase in tissue osmotic pressure.

In general, lymphocytes

A) Spend little time in the Blood.

B) Have a relatively long life span.

C) Are not evenly distributed in the lymphatic tissues.

D) B and C only

E) All of the above

E) All of the above

Lymphocytes are located in esch of the following issues of organs EXCEPT one. identify the exception.

A) Tonsils

B) Spleen

C) Lymph nodes

D) Brain

E) Thymus gland

D) Brain

The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the

A) Peyer's patches.

B) Scalp and face.

C) Arm and mammary glands.

D) Thoracic viscera.

E) Abdominal viscera.

C) Arm and mammary glands.

Lymphatic organs are different from lymphatic tissues in that lymphatic organs

A) Contain lymphocytes and lymphatic tissues do not.

B) Are found in the digestive tract and lymphatic tissues are found in the thorax.

C) Are separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not.

D) A and C only

E) all of the above

C) Are separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous capsule and lymphatic tissues are not.

The white pulp of the spleen is composed primarily of

A) Lymphocytes.

B) Neutrophils.

C) Red blood cells.

D) Platelets,

E) fibrous connective tissue

A) Lymphocytes.

Which of the following is a speeifie body defense?

A) Hair

B) Epithelium

C) Secretions

D) Immunity

E) Basement membranes

D) Immunity

Interferons may be deseribed as

A) Produets of activated lymphoeytes and macrophages,

B) Antiviral substances.

C) An example of cytokines,

D) Coordinators of local defense activities.

E) All of the above

E) All of the above

Defense of the body against a particular bacterium or virus is provided by

A) Complement.

B) Immunity,

C) Interferon.

D) Immunological surveillance.

E) Fever.

B) Immunity

Which of the following contains visible granules in its cytoplasm?

A) Microglia

B) Monocytes

C) Neutrophils

D) Lymphocytes

E) All of the above

C) Neutrophils