Humanities Final Review

What does "prehistory" refer to?

The time before written record

Which tool is most associated with the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic)?

Stone tools

What is one key characteristic of hunter-gatherer societies?

They relied on hunting animals and gathering plants

What major development marks the beginning of the Neolithic Age?

Beginning of farming and domestication of animals

Which of the following animals was domesticated during the Neolithic period?

Dogs

What does "Neolithic Revolution" refer to?

The shift from hunting-gathering to farming

Which of these was a common crop in early farming societies?

Wheat

What is one effect of the development of agriculture?

Increase in permanent settlements

Which early civilization built the first known cities?

Mesopotamia

What invention helped spread ideas and keep records in early civilizations?

Writing

Which river valley was home to one of the earliest civilizations?

Nile

What is the main reason early civilizations developed near rivers?

Rivers provided water for farming and transportation

What is an artifact?

An object made by humans

Which of the following is an example of a Neolithic technology?

Pottery

The name Zoroaster is associated primarily with the culture of ______.

Persia

What was the primary function of the Egyptian pyramids?

Tombs

What is the Book of the Dead?

A set of Egyptian funerary prayers

Akhenaten is associated with what religion or religious view?

Monotheism

After their Exodus from Egypt, the Hebrews retook Canaan by defeating what group?

Philistines

What is the name for the first five books of the Hebrew Bible?

Torah

In the Muslim faith, the word "Allah" means ______.

God

What do Christianity and Islam have in common?

Faith in a monotheistic god

What is the goal of a Buddhist?

Escape from rebirth

What is one key cultural belief of the ancient Egyptians related to the afterlife?

A person's soul is judged after death

What role does the Nile River have in Egyptian culture?

It is considered a god (Hapi)

What does the Egyptian obsession with the afterlife influence?

Architecture, sculpture, and artifact

What type of art style did Egyptians favor?

Mathematical and formal

In what region did the Minoan and Mycenean civilizations arise?

The Aegean Sea

What doe the word "Hellenic" indicate?

Greek

From what does the word "marathon" derive?

News of a Greek military victory over the Persian

What role is Herodotus known for?

Historian

Athens' Golden Age flowered shortly after what event?

Persian Wars

How far east did Alexander carry Hellenic culture?

India

The thinker who advanced the idea that reality lay in numerical proportion was ______.

Pythagoras

In Golden Age Athens, laws were made by what group?

Male landowners

Aristotle's landmark contributions include all of the following EXCEPT what?

The invention of the dialectical method

In the Republic, Plato argues that ______ should govern.

philosopher-kings

What is a landmark of the Hellenistic Age?

Apollo Belvedere

What subject is featured in the two great epics of the Greeks, the Iliad and the Odyssey?

Heroes of the Trojan War

The Parthenon is dedicated to ______.

Athena

Which of the following orders is NOT a program of ancient Greek architectural design?

Hellenistic

What happened to the Colossus of Rhodes?

It was destroyed by an earthquake

How did sculptors enhance realism in Hellenistic figures?

By adding elasticity to physical forms and expressions

What material were the original Dying Gauls statues likely cast in?

Bronze

What symbol identified the Dying Gauls as Gallic warriors?

Torc

What is the purpose of the Altar of Zeus at Pergamon?

A monument to military victory

What emotion is most associated with Hellenistic sculpture?

Pathos

What was the Nike of Samothrace likely meant to commemorate?

A naval victory

What dynamic element contributes to the theatricality of the Nike of Samothrace?

Billowing drapery and movement

What material was the Nike of Samothrace made from?

Parian marble

What Hellenistic sculpture is considered more sensual than Classical depictions of Aphrodite?

Venus de Milo

What trait of the Barberini Faun marks it as Hellenistic?

Depiction of a non-ideal state (drunken sleep)

What aspect of the Seated Boxer reveals his defeat?

His slumped posture and facial injuries

What was inlaid in the Seated Boxer’s wounds to imitate blood?

Cooper

Which of the following is NOT one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World?

Temple of Apollo at Delphi

Which of the following peoples had the LEAST direct influence on the development of Roman culture?

The Chinese

The powerful class of large landowners in ancient Rome were known as ______.

Patricians

The Punic Wars were waged between Rome and ______.

Carthage

What statement best captures Seneca's Stoic philosophy?

Use reason to achieve peace of mind

What was Juvenal known for in ancient Rome?

Satire

The hero of Virgil's Aeneid is a native of ______.

Troy

What design is formed from a series of arches placed back to back?

Barrel vault

What was the immediate consequence of the assassination of Julius Caesar?

A struggle for power between his first lieutenant and his adopted son

Roman baths typically centered on a rectangular colonnaded hall known as a(n) ______.

Basilica

For what purpose did Roman artists use the technique later known as trompe l'oeil?

To trick the eye into perceiving depth on a flat surface

What landmark commemorated Roman military victories?

Trajan's Column

There is little surviving evidence with which to judge Rome's accomplishments in the field of ______.

Music

How can the style of Roman portraits best be described?

Realistic

To whom was the Pantheon dedicated?

The planetary deities

What historical period did Christianity emerge in?

The Roman Empire

According to medieval Catholic teachings, what was the intermediate realm where Christians were punished for repented sins that had not been expiated before their deaths?

Purgatory

To what does "Christendom" refer?

Christian community of the Middle Ages

What is the most important of the seven sacraments and central ritual of the Mass?

Eucharist

According to Christian belief, what was Jesus' role?

Son of God and savior of humanity

What is the main theme of the Sermon on the Mount?

Inner purity and moral transformation

Jesus’ teachings in the Sermon on the Mount challenge listeners to:

Go beyond external actions and embrace inner righteousness

The university at Bologna, one of the first of the medieval universities, was dedicated primarily to the study of ______.

Law

Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of Dante's Commedia?

Latin prose

Dante's Commedia is divided into three books, each containing thirty-three ______.

Cantos

In the Commedia, who guided Dante through Hell?

Virgil

Four major pilgrimage routes linked cities in France with what favorite shrine of Christian pilgrims?

Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela

In the Summa Theologica, what does Aquinas conclude about women?

They are imperfect in form but created to fulfill a purpose in God's plan

What was the name of the edict that legalized Christianity?

Edict of Milan

"The Black Death" was a pandemic caused by what?

Bubonic plague

What was a result of the Black Death?

At least one third of Europe's population died

The Magna Carta was significant in that it led to what development?

Constitutional monarchy in England

The Hundred Years' War was instigated by what circumstance?

English claims to French lands and the French crown

The English withdrew from France, ending the Hundred Years' War, after facing a revitalized French army under the leadership of whom?

Joan of Arc

What does the name Ars nova describe?

The expressive new musical style of the fourteenth century

Romanesque art was primarily created to:

Teach religious stories to an illiterate population

Which of the following best describes the floor plan of many Romanesque pilgrimage churches?

Cruciform

What was the significance of relics in the Romanesque period?

They provided spiritual benefits and attracted pilgrims

What characteristic feature distinguishes Romanesque churches from earlier Christian basilicas?

Rounded arches and barrel vaults

The writings of which classical philosopher had the greatest influence on the rise of medieval scholasticism?

Aristotle

Which of the following features did NOT differentiate Gothic cathedrals from Romanesque?

Latin-cross floor plans

Most Gothic churches were dedicated to which figure?

The Virgin Mary

In what works can the new realism in the arts of the fourteenth century be found?

Paintings of Giotto

Which of the following writers provided a defense of women in the Book of the City of Ladies?

Christine de Pisan

Giotto's frescoes are considered groundbreaking landmarks due to what innovation?

Use of light and shade to model form

The technique of chiaroscuro helped Giotto achieve what artistic result?

Three dimensionality to the figures in his paintings