MMBIO 463 Immunology Webber Exam 3

Goblet cells

Produce mucus, mostly in intestinal barriers

M cells

Sample antigen from outside epithelial barrier and transport it into MALTs for lymphoid cells to check

Paneth cells

Produce antimicrobial peptides if needed

Langerhan cells

Skin-specific dendritic cells

What cells and cytokines are most commonly present in a healthy intestinal mucous membrane?

ILCs, dendritic cells, IgA plasma cells, Treg and Th17 cells

What does CCR7 do?

Causes immune cells to become awakened during diapedesis, causes B cells to move to light zone of lymph node for T cell help in activation

What role does LFA-1 play in diapedesis?

It is one of the integrins that binds to immune cell and stops it from rolling

Which cytokine causes immune cells to diapedese out of the blood vessel?

PE-CAM1

What cytokines cause lymphocytes to leave the lymph node if they don’t find their matching antigen?

Downregulation of CD62L, upregulation of S1PR1

What difference do high and low-affinity IgE receptors on mast cells have on the allergic response?

High-affinity receptors like I-TAMs lead to a rapid Type 1 hypersensitivity response

High-affinity receptors like I-TIMs lead to a slower or often repressed hypersensitivity response

What are 3 aspects of peripheral tolerance?

Multiple signals needed to activate lymphocytes, Treg cells, antigen sequestration (immunoprivileged tissues)

What are markers that distinguish Treg cells?

FoxP3 transcription factor, CD25 (IL-2 receptor), lots of CTLA-4 n(co-inhibitory receptor)

What are the distinctive cell types most often present in a Type 1 response?

ILC1, Nk cells, CTLs, Th1 (intracellular pathogens)

What are the distinctive cell types most often present in a Type 2 response?

ILC2, Th2, IgE producing B cells (helminths, other extracellular pathogens, allergies)

What are the distinctive cell types most often present in a Type 3 response?

ILC3, Th17 cells, IgG producing B cells (extracellular bacteria and fungi, autoimmunity)

What is a reservoir?

An organism or place where a pathogen can survive, grow, and reproduceWha

What is a vector?

An organism (often an insect of some kind) that can be infected with a pathogen but without getting the disease. However, when biting or feeding on humans they can spread the pathogen to us.

What are some host factors that can determine your resistance or susceptibility to a pathogen?

Health status (healthy, have cancer, pregnant, etc.)

HLA genes

Disease-specific resistance or susceptibility genes (malaria, HIV)

What percentage of infectious diseases come from animal reservoirs?

60%

What is the difference between Ro and Re?

Ro is the average number of people an infected person will spread a virus to, assuming EVERYONE is not immune and has not been vaccinated

Re (effective reproductive rate) takes into account the immunity of people, changes in virulence of the virus, and current health preventions (like mask-wearing, quarantining, etc.)

What is sepsis?

When a pathogen infects the blood, causing high white blood cells counts, shock, fever, and weakness

What is septic shock?

A powerful immune response caused by sepsis that can cause widespread organ shock and failure and death in 50% of cases

Adjuvants vs. conjugates

Adjuvants are separate molecules from the antigen, while conjugates are covalently linked to the antigenic protein. They both help skew and enhance the immune response to provide the most effective immunity against the pathogen.