Classics 51B Set

1. This is an Map of Italy. Shows spheres of Punic, Creek, and Etruscan influence during the Etruscan period

2. Roman art stems from Etruscan influence

3. This map demonstrated where Etruscan culture was first found. It was found when traders from Greece and Carthage arrived on the Italian peninsula, showed in the map above. The traders arrived there because they were seeking new markets.

4. Fondly, the culture was in it’s early stages and is currently laboled Villanovan.

1. This is an picture of an Villanovan hut cinerary urn, dated 9th to 8th century BCE.

2. Cateorgized by inscribe decoration with orientalizing patterns of meandinering or swastika-like forms

3. It’s form is modeled after the thatched-roof huts that early Etruscans lived in

4. It was an possession that would be buried with the cremated remains of an deceased Etruscan

   1. Symbolic of an nurturing home of the deceased

   2. Demonstrates the close connection between homes and graves

   3. Evidence of homes of the early period

1. It is an famous sarcophagus found in Cerveteri, Italy in the late 6th century BCE

2. The features of stretched and angular representations resemble sytilzied portraits

3. The idealized expressions are similar to Greek Archaic style, but the posture and shape of the bodies show Etruscan influence

4. The work heavily emphasizes the face and then chooses to ignore less identifying features of the person, such as an feet

5. The sarcophagus is imposed there to house the body but it also functions like an hut

   1. it’s pillar like structure does the work of an column-holding up an capital or decreative top block of a column

      1. This means it become another architectural dwelling in it’s own right, lifting up another home above it

1. An bronze copy-cat sculpture found in Rome in the 11th to 12th C.E

2. Represents the founding of Rome through the children, Romulus and Remus suckling the wolf

   1. Romulus and Remus was set to die on the etruscan river. But, they were found and nused to healthy by an etruscan wolf

3. The work shows the same stylized forms of the early 700s that demonstrate Etruscan influence

4. Since it’s an copy-cat, this version shows that it was created in the early medieval period instead of being an primary dated object

1. This is an reconstruction of the Portonaccio Temple

2. Found in Veii, Italy around 500 BCE.

3. The reconstruction shows an akroteria on the ridge of its roof

   1. the akroteria is arranged to be similar to a terracotta statuary Area Sacra di Sant'Omobono in Rome- an important archaeological site at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, containing the remains of ancient temples

   2. this practice is often seen within Etrurscian culture

What is an akroterial group

an ornament placed on a flat base and mounted on the pinnacle of the pediment of a building

1. Shows the Temple of Portunus in Rome, Italy around 80-70 BCE

2. The Temple of Portunus is located near the Forum Boarium and are monuments built out of local stones for local gods

3. The deep porch with frestanding columns is an referenes to Etruscan styles

4. The columns are in Ionic order (slender columns with fluted shafts and volute capitals)

5. The temple uses decorative fissures (cracks) that are influences from the hellenistic world

6. Examplorary of Rome being captured themselves

1. This is the concrete vaulting of the Sanctuary of Fortuna

2. Found in Praeneste, Italy, around 120 BCE

3. Demonstrates prime building method prior to the empire

4. The vaulting uses a

   1. from which coulld be built out of wood first

   2. Then, reusable material could build up these features to do an array of shapes (curved like this one) cheaply

1. Praneste Mosaic in the Fortuna Sanctuary at Praeneste

2. Found in Italy in the 1st century BCE

3. An floor mosaic of the Nile and its passage into the Mediterranean

4. Utilizes Tessara or tiny little stones pressed one by one to provide an design

5. Idyllic representation due to the features creating an fantasy description of animals, buildings, and ships along the Nile

6. Shows the Roman fascination with the eastern Mediterranean in 1st century BCE

What is Tesserae?

setting of small cut rectangular stones into a bed of mortar to provide an design

1. Originally found within the manubial buildings on the Campus Martius in Rome, Italy in the late 2nd to 1st century BCE

2. Known as the Paris reliefs

3. Depicts an scene of sacrifice (lustratio) offered to Mars, the largest figure on the left of the altar

   1. The sacrifice is of an bull, an ram, and an boar

   2. Opposite the god is the commissioner of the monument whose acts are being commemorated as they conduct the sacrifice and are in the style of an priest

   3. Attendants charged with leading victims to sacfice, called the victimarii are there two

   4. Armed soldiers frame the sacrifice on both end

4. At the left hand side are four figures recording this scene of testimony, referring to the Roman census which is an assesment of personal property. This was used to assign people their property class and voting tribes

Suovetaurilia

1. This is the Plan of the House of the Faun in Pompeii, Italy in 2nd century BCE

2. The House of the Faun is bigger than an standard domus

3. Because it occupied the entire residential block and has two atria (open central courtyards), it was an lavish late Republican house

4. It has two separate perisyles (continues porches) that borrows from Hellenistic period but still performs the same purpose of the peristyle in an Greek home

5. Due to Pompeii's city layout, the home was adapted so there is no clear sightline into the house

1. Mosaic from the House of the Faun in Pompeii, Italy in 2nd Century BCE

2. Shows an frieze of theatrical masks with garlands and fruits and symmetry

1. Shows the battle between Macedonian King Alexander and the Persian King Darius III in the Battle of Issus in 333 BCE

   1. This is for Alexander’s conquest of Asia

2. This is a mosaic found in the House of the Faun

3. Example of an opus vermiculatum, which is a mosaic using tesserae

4. The tessarea also demonstrates nylotic elements

1. This is a wall painting in the Samnite House in Italy in the 2nd century BCE

2. The painting uses the Pompeian first style

3. Utilzies painted plastor forms that are carved out with 3 dimensional textures to appear as if they are actual stones

4. Includes fake stones painted on to create elegance and occupance

1. An rectangular portico in an Italian villa from 50,40 BCE

2. It utilizes linear perspective

3. It also has second style painting, where they have added artistic elements, to create an illusion of depth

1. An frieze of Dionysiac from the 1st century BCE

2. The frieze is found in the Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii, Italy

3. Shows an megalographic scene or an figural scene that unfolds around the room

4. Shows an painted socle (foundational base), an crowning deep cornice, and life-size figure

1. An bronze sculpture found in the Villa of the Papyri

2. Would be found in Herculaneum, Italy in the 2nd century BCE

3. Shows an drunken satyr reclining on rocks, that would usually be displayed in the pool of the peristyle of the villa

4. Satyrs are known to party out in the wilderness

5. The pleasurable aspects represents the Roman enjoyment of rustic open spaces

6. Also shows an older Hellenistic, Dionysiac taste

1. Marble Portrait of Greek King Pyrrhus

   1. He was also an general who pursuid victories in southern Italy. Although successful, he did lose his campaigns

2. Found in 290 BCE

3. Usually found in the negotium space that would have an arranged protraits of philopshers, statesmen, and kings