Exam 3 - BONES

What is the axial skeleton?

Skull vertebral column and rib cage for protection and support

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Limbs and girdles for movement

What are the four bone types?

Long short flat irregular

Give an example of a long bone?

Femur

Give an example of a short bone?

Carpals

Give an example of a flat bone?

Sternum

Give an example of an irregular bone?

Vertebrae

What are the five functions of bones?

Support protection movement mineral storage blood cell formation

How do bones help with blood cell formation?

Red bone marrow produces blood cells

What is the diaphysis?

The shaft of a long bone

What is the epiphysis?

The ends of a long bone

What is the medullary cavity?

The central cavity containing marrow

What is red marrow?

Marrow that produces blood cells

What is yellow marrow?

Marrow that stores fat

What is the periosteum?

Outer membrane of bone with vessels and nerves

What do osteoblasts do?

Build bone

What do osteocytes do?

Maintain bone

What do osteoclasts do?

Break down bone

What is an osteon?

Basic structural unit of compact bone

What are trabeculae?

Spongy bone structures that support bone

What is intramembranous ossification?

Bone forms directly from connective tissue

What bones form by intramembranous ossification?

Flat bones like skull

What is endochondral ossification?

Bone replaces cartilage model

What is replaced during endochondral ossification?

Hyaline cartilage

What is the epiphyseal plate?

Growth plate that allows bone lengthening

When does bone length stop increasing?

When epiphyseal plates close

What is bone remodeling?

Process of bone breakdown and rebuilding

What does growth hormone do?

Stimulates bone growth

What does PTH do?

Raises blood calcium by increasing bone breakdown

What does calcitonin do?

Lowers blood calcium by storing it in bone

What does vitamin D do?

Helps calcium absorption

What do estrogen and testosterone do?

Control growth spurts and close growth plates

What is a hematoma?

First stage of fracture healing blood clot

What is a soft callus?

Temporary cartilage repair tissue

What is a bony callus?

Hard bone replacement tissue

What is remodeling in fracture healing?

Final reshaping of bone

What causes osteoporosis?

Loss of bone density

What is rickets?

Vitamin D deficiency in children

What is osteomalacia?

Soft bones in adults

What causes scurvy?

Vitamin C deficiency affecting collagen