vector borne diseases

malaria epidemiology

all ages, males, pregnant women, persons who have sickle cell anemia, war,.migration and tourism may expose people

agriculture such as harvesting may >ncrease nighttime exposure

sleeping outdoors

presence of malaria depends mainly on climate factors , tropical and subtropical areas, africa south of sahara

malaria reservoir, MOT, IP

himan reservoirs harbor the sexual forms

vector transmission, blood transfusion and congenital malaria

IP 7-30 DAYS

prevention and control of malaria

health education especially for travellers

environmental sanitation

specific measures:

mefloquine: for chloroquine-resistant strains, weekly dosage, begin 1-2 weeks before travel and 4 weeks after leaving

or Doxycycline

chloeoquine during pregnancy

malaria vaccine

Control: Notify, isolate, disinfect, treat

listinf of all sharing blood

international measures: disinsectization of aircraft before departure and upon arrival

LF epidemiology , reservoir, MOT, IP and prevention

disease of the poor, usually acquired during childhood, endemic in eight governorates

humans

bite of culex pipiens

IP 8-16 months

prevention: health education, vector control and preventive chemotherapy via Mass drug administration

visceral leishmaniasis reservoir, MOT, IP, POC

humans, wild foxes and domestic dogs

MOT: Phlebotomine sandflies, person to person teansmission reported in leishmania/HIV co-infected

IP: 2-6 MONTHS range of 10 days to years

POC: rarely transmitted p2p but infectious to sandflies as long as parasites persist in circulating blood or skin

cutaneous leishmaniasis epidemiology, reservoir, MOT, IP, POC

egypt children,

Locally variable humans wild rodents and domestic dogs

bites of infected female phlebotomine sandflies

at least a week up to many months

not directly transmitted from p2p

prevention and control of leishmaniasis

Prevention: No vaccine; early treatment, vector/dog/rodent control, avoid sandflies, use repellents & protective clothes.

Control: Notification not mandatory in Egypt; isolation precautions in visceral cases; investigate contacts/source/transmission.

Treatment: Pentavalent antimonials (sodium stibogluconate/meglumine antimonate); resistant cases → amphotericin B or pentamidine (toxic).

plague epidemiology and reservoir

common in africa, asia and south america, more common in lower social class

enzootic:low mortality of rodents keeps fleas on them

epizootic: high rodent mortality, fleas attack humans

plage MOT and IP

vector: fleas

droplet: pneumonic case during cough

IP: 1-7 days, a few days longer in immunised, shorter in primary plague pneumonia 1-4 days

plague prevention and control

Prevention (general): Rodent and flea control; fumigation (e.g., hydrogen cyanide); de‑ratting certificates for ships every 6 months; rat‑proof buildings; surveillance of rodent population; combined flea + rodent control during outbreaks; safe food storage; proper refuse disposal; reporting dead rodents.

Prevention (specific): Vaccines → live attenuated (single SC) and killed (2 SC); efficacy doubtful; for travelers, residents of endemic areas, and lab/field workers; not useful for immediate outbreak protection.

Control (cases): Notify health authorities → WHO; isolation; treatment with streptomycin (DOC) or gentamicin; disinfection of sputum, pus, and contaminated items; terminal cleaning; strict precautions for handling dead bodies.

Control (contacts): Chemoprophylaxis with tetracycline or chloramphenicol for 7–10 days; isolation; quarantine of household/close (face‑to‑face) contacts.

Control (environment): Eliminate source → rodent and flea control; sanitation; monitoring during epizootics; concurrent flea + rodent control programs.

yellow fever epidemiology qnd reservoirs

africa, everyone is affected but males more, transient immunity from mother persists for 6 months

depends on season of vector

man in cities, monkeys in forest

yellow fever MOT, IP AND POC

Bite of infected mosquito

6 days IP

not communicable by contact or common vehicles

yellow fever prevention

Prevention: Live attenuated YF 17D vaccine (single SC); lifelong immunity; valid after 10 days; for jungle workers, residents, travelers.

Control (general): Vector control; aircraft disinfection; monkey quarantine; airport spraying.

Travel rules: No certificate → isolate 6 days; vaccinated on arrival → isolate until valid (≤6 days).

yellow fever control

Control (cases): Isolation 3–5 days (blood/body fluids); prevent mosquito access (nets, screening, insecticide); notify health authorities/WHO; no disinfection; symptomatic treatment.

Control (contacts): Vaccinate non‑immune contacts.

Control (environment): Source search; trace travel 3–6 days pre‑onset.

Epidemic measures: Define infected area; restrict movement (forests); assess vectors & breeding sites; community survey; repellents; identify animal reservoirs.

zika virus epidemiology, MOT, IP and prevention and control

africa and asia

through mosquitos, p2p is possible sexually

reservoir is proimates

IP not known but mostly few days to one week

prevention and control:

no vaccine, vector control and safe sex with condoms

rest, fluids, NO ASPIRIN OR NSAIDS, prevent mosquito bites

rift valley fever MOT, reservoir, IP, POC

bite of infected mosquito, contact with infected animals

sheep and cattle

3-12 days

no direct p2p

rift valley fever prevention and control

control mosquitos precautions in handling of infected animals

specific: anime vaccination, inactivated vaccine for men

control: notify, no treatment

control contacts: search for undiagnosed cases

control environment:mosquitos animal control

west nile virus MOT, reservoir, IP, POC

bites of infected mosquitos from infected birds

transplanted organs and blood transfusion (not from birds)

birds reservoir

3-12 days

no p2p transmission

west nile virus prevention and control

no vaccine available

survey for WNV in mosquitos, birds and animals

appropraite mosquito control

reduce contact with mosquitos