Ultimate Flashcard Set

What is nitrogen used in?

Nitrogen —> N —> amino acids or nucleotides —> part of protein or DNA/RNA

What is phosphorus used in?

Phosphorus —> P —> phosphate group —> DNA/RNA backbone, ATP, phospholipids

What is Sulfur used in?

Sulfur —> S —> disulfide bridges —> protein shape

What is carbohydrate’s monomer?

monosaccharide

What bond do carbohydrates have?

glycosidic linkage

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

short term energy storage, structural supportW

What elements are in carbohydrates?

C,H, O in 1:2:1 ratio

Are carbohydrates polar or nonpolar? Why?

polar because of hydroxyl groups

What are lipid’s monomer?

glycerol and fatty acids

What bond is in lipids?

ester bonds

What are the functions of lipids?

long term energy storage, insulationW

What elements are in lipids?

C, H, O

Are lipids polar or nonpolar?

nonpolar

What do triglycerides look like?

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

What are saturated lipids?

C-C single bond, solid at room temperature, butter, fat

What are unsaturated lipids?

C=C double bonds, liquid at room temp, oils, maintain membrane fluidity

What do phospholipids look like?

phosphate group head and 2 fatty acid tails

What do steroids look like?

4 fused rings, cholesterol, hormones

What is nucleic acid’s monomer?

nucleotides

What bond is in nucleic acids?

phosphodiester

What is the function of nucleic acids?

store, copy, and transmit genetic information

What elements are in nucleic acids?

C, H, O, N, P

Are nucleic acids polar or nonpolar? Why?

polar because of phosphate group back bone

What are protein’s monomer?

amino acids

What bond are in proteins?

peptide

What is the function of proteins?

basically everything (store amino acids, provide structure, transport, respond to stimuli, hormones, protect against diseases, movement, enzymes)W

What elements are in proteins?

C, H, O, N, S

Are proteins polar or nonpolar? Why?

both, R groups determine polarity

What is a hydroxyl group?

OH, makes things more polar/hydrophilic

What are carboxyl groups?

COOH, acidic, donates H+W

What are amino groups?

NH2, basic, accepts H+

What are phosphate groups?

PO4, adds negative charge, in ATP and nucleic acids

What are sulfhydryl groups?

SH, forms disulfide bridges, locks protein shape

What is this?

carbohydrates

What is this?

lipids

What is this?

nucleic acid

What is this?

protein

What is cytosol?

the fluid like substance inside all cells

What do chromosomes do?

carry genes

What do ribosomes do?

make proteins

What is the cytoplasm?

the interior of the cell

What does the rough ER do?

makes proteins to be used elsewhere

What does the smooth ER do?

makes lipids and hormones

What does the nucleus do?

stores DNA

What is the nuclear envelope?

double membrane enclosing nucleus

What does the nucleolus do?

produces ribosomes

What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

modifies and transports cell products

What does the centriole do?

organizes for cell division and forms cilia and flagella

What do lysosomes do?

digest molecules

What does the mitochondria do?

converts energy to ATP, cellular respiration

What does the peroxisome do?

detoxifies, produces hydrogen peroxide as by product

What does microvilli do?

increase cell’s surface area

What does the cytoskeleton do?

supports cell shape, aids in transport

What does the centrosome do?

organizes cell’s microtubules

What does flagella do?

moves the cell, whip-like tail

What does the central vacuole do?

main storage molecule in plants that stores water and breaks down waste

What do chloroplasts do?

photosynthesis, convert light energy to chemical energy

What do plasmodesmata do?

channels through cell walls that connect cells together

What does the cell wall do?

maintains cell shape and protects it

What does an animal cell do in a hypotonic solution?

water enters, cell bursts

What does an animal cell do in a isotonic solution?

water enters and leaves, cell is normal

What does an animal cell do in a hypertonic solution?

water leaves, cell shrivels

What does a plant cell do in a hypotonic solution?

water enters, cell is normal and turgid

What does a plant cell do in a isotonic solution?

water enters and leaves, cell is flaccid

What happens to a plant cell in a hypertonic solution?

water leaves, cell is plasmolyzed

What is phagocytosis?

cell “eating”

What is pinocytosis?

cell “drinking”

What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

cell being “picky”

What does glycoproteins do?

act as ID tags for cell recognition

What does cholesterol do?

maintains membrane fluidity in animal cells

Where does glycolysis take place?

cytosol

What are unsaturated lipids?

have double bonds which prevent tight packing and increase fluidity

What are saturated lipids?

have single bonds and decrease fludity

What does hypo mean?

hypo = hippo, a hippo in water is big and swollen. Hypotonic solution makes a cell swell

What does hyper mean?

hyper = hibernation, shrivel/dry vibes. Water leaves, cell shrivels

What does primary transport do?

uses ATP directly

What does secondary transport do?

cotransport, uses ATP indirectly

What does symport mean?

both move in the same directions

What does antiport mean?

both move in opposite directions