MGT Exam 3

To qualify for a travel scholarship, Sam must submit all application materials by April 10 at noon. Which element of a SMART goal does this deadline illustrate?

Time-bound

Jordan normally hits heavy traffic on the morning commute. After leaving home earlier one day and avoiding the unpleasant traffic, Jordan continues leaving earlier. Which contingent consequence best explains why the target behavior occurs more often?

Negative reinforcement

Riverstone Finance relies on formal procedures, well-defined reporting relationships, and strict oversight to run its operations. These features indicate a(n) __________ organizational culture.

Hierarchical

Which practice helps new employees settle into a job by introducing them to key policies, culture, and role expectations?

Onboarding program

When a manager oversees only a small number of direct reports, the organization typically develops more layers of supervision and becomes more hierarchical.

True

At AeroTech Solutions, engineers answer to both a project lead for specific assignments and a departmental manager for their functional duties. This type of dual-reporting structure is characteristic of a ________ organization.

Matrix

Demographic shifts in the labor market are considered an internal force for organizational change.

False

Alex is taking a heavy course load this semester while also working long hours at an off-campus job. With exams approaching, Alex is feeling increasingly stressed. Which stressor best describes the situation?

Work overload

Positive and negative experiences do not carry the same psychological weight.

True

Two coworkers are in conflict about how to present a topic to a client. Their supervisor brings them together to discuss the issue and work toward resolution. This reflects __________ justice.

Restorative

What is the first step of performance management?

Defining performance

What is the last step of performance management?

Providing consequences

The primary functions of performance management include:

Guiding employee training and development, making decisions related to employees such as pay raises, and communicating the employee behavior that is sought.

Which of the following are aspects of learning a goal?

Adding to a skill set, and learning new knowledge

Which of the following is the fourth step in implementing a goal-setting program?

Writing an action plan

SMART goals are those that include which of the following characteristics?

Attainable, measurable, and specific

The step in the effective performance management system in which feedback and coaching are delivered is called ______.

Reviewing performance

Monitoring performance involves _____.

Tracking the achievement of the goal and measuring the progress towards a goal.

Identify primary outputs and functions of performance management systems.

Linking expectation and performance to increased responsibilities and recommendations for employee-related decisions.

Which of the following exemplifies a performance goal?

Increasing sales by 10% in a period.

The first step in the goal-setting process is to:

Define clear goals

What is Halo in performance evaluation?

Rating an employee high across all dimensions because they are very likeable.

What is Recency in performance evaluation?

Rating an employee low for the year based on one late report at the end of the year.

What is Leniency in performance evaluation?

Rating an employee high across all dimensions regardless of actual performance.

What is Central tendency in performance evaluation?

Rating an employee average on all dimensions.

SMART goals are those that include which of the following characteristics?

Time bound, Specific, and Results oriented

The performance evaluation method known as 360-degree feedback is useful because it:

provides performance evaluation from peers, subordinates, and managers

It is important to monitor progress toward goal achievement in order to:

Identify problems while pursuing a goal.

The factor that affect perceptions of feedback include:

Reasonable goals or standards, accuracy of the feedback, and fairness of the system

Which of the following describe the potential positive effects of negative feedback?

Workers feel challenged to pursue higher goals, workers might outperform those who receive positive feedback, and employees are motivated to do better.

Why should negative feedback be administered carefully?

To avoid creating defensiveness and to avoid promoting insecurity.

What type of common perceptual error occurs when an employee is rated as being average after being compared to top performers?

Contrast effect

Which of the following are intrinsic rewards?

Completing quarterly financial statements without errors and providing donations to a food cupboard.

People tend to recall positive outcomes more accurately than negative feedback

True

It is important to provide clear guidance on how to improve performance:

when giving both positive and negative feedback

Which of the following factors have a tendency to demotivate employees?

Across-the-board raises and cuts, extreme executive compensation and layoffs

Some example of extrinsic rewards include:

A promotion and a pay raise

The monetary incentives that link a portion of pay directly t results or accomplishments is:

Pay for performance

Of the three potential outcomes from rewards, which one motivates the wrong behaviors?

Undesired side effects

Thorndike’s observations that led to the law of effect were that behavior with _____ consequences tends to disappear.

Unfavorable

An important factor in perception of feedback is the fundamental ______ bias.

attribution

Reinforcement theory states that you can:

increase desired behaviors by providing pleasing consequences and strengthen desired behaviors by withdrawing a displeasing consequence.

Undesirable behavior can be reduced by:

Using punishment

Which statements describe why rewards often fail to motivate employees?

Too much time passes-between the achievement and the reward, motivation is impacted by the use of one-shot rewards, and monetary rewards are over emphasized

An example of a pay for performance plan uses ____ to reward goal achievement.

bonuses

Not returning the phone calls of an insurance salesman so he will stop calling is the strategy for changing behavior known as _______.

extinction

Thorndike’s observations that led to the law of effect were that behavior with _____ consequences tends to be repeated

positive

If a target behavior is rewarded every time it occurs then is is a(n):

Continuous reinforcement schedule

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

probationary periods for new hires

When only some, not all, instances of a target behavior are reinforced, it is called _______ reinforcement.

Intermittent

Cutting the pay of two top executives at Carnival cruises because of major accidents and mishaps is the form of behavior modification know as

punishment

The concept that ______ practices escalate positive outcomes because of their association with positive emotions and social capital is known as the amplifying effect.

positive

A behavior such as complimenting a co-worker on a recent report is:

a prosocial behavior

Ignoring an undesirable behavior until it disappears is known as _______.

extinction

When a reward is given every time a target behavior occurs, it is known a(n) _______ reinforcement schedule

continuous

According to its definition, the buffering effect reduces the impact of which of the following?

events that are negative

Reinforcement of some, but not all instances of a target behavior is:

intermittent reinforcement

According to Spreitzer and Cameron form the University of Michigan, notable performance that greatly goes beyond expectation in positive ways is:

positive deviance

The concept that positive practices escalate positive outcomes because of their association with positive emotions and social capital is known as the:

Amplifying effect

Which of the following OB practices foster employee positvity?

Permitting staff to make decisions, providing information to employees that reveals the impact of their work, and employing staff who practice civility

A positive act that is done without expectation of something in return is a(n) ______ behavior.

prosocial

According to Fortune magazine, a positive approach to business has allowed some companies to address major issues profitably by meeting which of the following criteria?

Having measurable social impact, implementing innovation, and realizing business results

Weakening behavior by not reinforcing it or ignoring it is:

Extinction

Emotions that are ________ result in actions that are narrow and specific, while emotions that are _____ often widen someone’s mindset

negative, positive

The idea that positive practices in organizations lessen the effect of stressors is the ______.

buffering effect

A very cohesive sales team that achieved much higher sales than expected is a much shorter time period would be an example of:

positive deviance

Positive emotions combat negative emotions.

True

In addition to doing good and being profitable, what do companies need to do to have successful positive approach to business?

creativity

Negative emotions include which of the following feelings?

fear, anger, and sadness

Which of the following are generated in others because of upward spirals of positivity?

positive attitudes, positive behaviors, and positive emotions

Which of the following are positive effects of negative emotions?

They can make you improve, and they can assist you in seeking the help of others

Research about positive and negative experiences agrees that:

positive and negative experiences are not equals

Positive emotions have benefits that include:

Building social relationships, bettering work performance, and combating negative emotions

Which of the following describes mindfulness?

Being in the present moment, paying attention on purpose, and being nonjudgmentally aware of what is happening

How does mindfulness improve your interactions with other people?

it increases your ability to focus on people.

The continual, reinforcing process where your positive _______, feelings and attitudes feed your own and those of others is known as upward spiral of positivity.

behaviors

It is realistic to recognize that _______ emotions are also important because we sometimes experience loss, betrayal, or fear.

negative

To have hope you need to have:

A goal and the determination to achieve it and a path to achieve the goal

Researchers of positive and negative experiences agree that the following statements are true:

You must have more than one positive experience to remedy a negative one, negative experiences stimulate a survival orientation, and positive experiences turn on a supportive orientation.

Which of the following statements are true regarding efficacy?

It influences how you deal with challenges and opportunities, it impacts how you perceive the world, it plays and important role in positive psychological capital.

Which of the following statements are true regarding mindfulness?

Each person has the ability to be mindful, mental chatter detracts from the inner quiet necessary to remain focused, it takes effort to be mindful

Resiliency is powerful because resilient people are:

Emotionally stable in the face of adversity, open to new experiences, and flexible to changing demands

Paying focused attention to what a co-worker is saying is an example of how ________ improves interpersonal communication.

Mindfulness

Optimists view successes as due to their personal causes and negative events to temporary external ones because they are:

Flexible and realistic

Today, mindfulness is used to improve which of the following outcomes>

cognitive, emotional, and physical

What is the term for the belief that the future will be bright and one’s situation in life has the ability to improve?

Optimism

Both willpower and way power are needed to have _______.

hope

Your confidence in your ability to achieve is represented by which of the following?

self-efficacy

In what ways is the strength movement a significant change from past practices?

Attention is paid to potential rather than deficiencies and the focus is on employee successes rather than underperformance.

The ability to bounce back from adversity and sustain yourself in the face of the demands of positive events is:

resiliency

Global organizational values that are supported, endorsed, and shared by all that are essential for promoting positive organizational behavior include:

temperance, compassion, and restorative justice

People who view their successes as due to their personal causes and negative events to temporary, external and situational ones are:

optimists

Key sets of practices that impact organizational climate are:

human resources practices and policies, support programs, and training programs

The characteristic that is the mind’s way to motivate us to move forward in the face of uncertainty is:

optimism

The components of virtuous leadership most frequently discussed in OB research include:

focus on the greater good, integrity, and trust

What are the two main components of hope?

willpower and way power

The benefits of positive emotions include:

A broader perspective about overcoming challenges, they spread to others around you, and they build on themselves

Research shows that a focus on employee strengths can yield which of the following results?

Employees are more likely to feel engaged, the perception of quality of life is vastly improved, and productivity greatly increases.

The state of being completely involved in an activity for its own sake is known as:

flow