Exam #2 Nail module Part 2

Nail diseases, nail disorders, nail conditions, foot disorders, skin + other disorders.

Onychia?

Appearance: Tissue may be red and swollen. Pus may or may not be present.

Cause: A general term for inflammation of the nail and surrounding skin.

Correction: Refer to physician

Notes: Nail technician must be careful to not to cause an abrasion or opening in the tissue around the nail plate while performing a nail service

Latin name: onych/o - nail, ia - condition

Onycholysis?

Appearance: The nail loosens from the nail bed, beginning at the free edge and continuing to the lunula, but does not come off.

Cause: Internal disorder, trauma, infection, certain drug treatments, allergic reaction to certain nail products.

Correction: Can cautiously be worked on but always refer client to a doctor

Notes: Advanced stages: colour changes, the nail bed becomes thickened, the nail plate becomes crumbly and malformed

Latin name: onych/o- nail, lysis - separation or loosening

Onychoptosis?

Appearance: Part or all of the nail periodically sheds and falls off the finger. Can affect one or more nails.

Cause: Diseases of the body (such as syphilis), result of a fever, system upsets, reaction to prescription drugs, result of trauma.

Correction: Can cautiously be worked on but always refer client to a doctor

Notes: N/A

Latin name: onych/o- nail, ptosis - shedding

Paraonychia?

Appearance: Infection of the tissue around the nail, redness, swelling, tenderness, pus is usually present, can occur at the base of the nail, around the entire nail plate, or on the fingertip.

Cause: Bacterial infection (streptococcus or staphylococcus ) or fungi, including yeast (candida)

Correction: DO NOT WORK ON THIS CONDITION!

Notes: N/A

Latin name: para- along the side of, onych/o- nail, ia - condition

Onychomycosis?

Appearance: Whitish patches that can be scraped off the nail, can also have pale yellowish streaks. Nail can become thickened. Deformed nail may fall off.

Cause: Fungus (Plant parasite)

Correction: Clean out as much debris as possible BUT leave this nail to last so as not to contaminate the other nails with fungus. HIGHLY INFECTIOUS. Refer client to a doctor.

Notes: Also known as Tinea Unguium or ringworm of the nail

Latin name: onych/o- nail, myc/o- fungus, osis - condition or disease

Onychatrophia?

Appearance: Wasting away of the nail. Nail loses its shine, shrinks and falls off.

Cause: Injury to the nail matrix, internal disease

Correction: File the nail with the fine side of the emery board. DO NOT use a metal pusher and discontinue the use of harsh chemicals.

Notes: If the condition is caused by internal disease and the disease is cured, new nails may grow back.

Latin name: onych/o- nail, a - without , trophy - developement or nourishment,

ia - condition

Pyogenic Granuloma?

Appearance: Severe inflammation of the nail. Overgrowth of vascular tissue. A lump of red tissue grows up from the nail bed to the nail plate.

Cause: Injury or infection

Correction: Can easily bleed, go away on its own or be removed by a physician. If there is a sign of infection, refer client to a physician.

Notes: N/A

Latin name: py/o - pus, genic - producing, granul/o - granules, oma - tumour

Bruised/Blue nails?

Appearance: Blood forms under the nail plate. Colour from maroon to black.

Cause: Injury to the matrix bed or nail bed. Bruised nail may fall off during the healing process.

Correction: Recommend a dark coloured polish to hide this condition.

Notes: Do not apply artificial nail

Latin name: N/A

Onychomalacia?

Appearance: Also known as eggshell nails. Thin, white and curved over the free edge.

Cause: Improper diets, internal disease, medication, nervous disorders.

Correction: Be very careful when manicuring these nails because they are fragile and can break easily. Use the fine side of an emery board to file gently.

Notes: Do not use pressure with a metal pusher at the base of the nail.

Latin name: onych/o- nail, malacia - softening

Koilonychia?

Appearance: Nails curve upwards, become spoon shape, thin with ridges.

Cause: Iron and vitamin B12 deficiency

Correction: File carefully and apply no pressure to the nail plate.

Notes: File carefully and apply no pressure to the nail plate.

Latin name: koil/o- hollow/ concave/depressed, onych/o- nail, ia - condition

Onychogryphosis?

Appearance: Also known as “claw nails” or “ram horn nails”. Thick, curved, claw-like, hard to cut nails. Has many transverse grooves and ridges, brownish in colour.

Cause: Injury to the nail matrix bed, hereditary, long-term neglect of nails.

Correction: Keep the nail trimmed back and thin. This can be carefully done by a nail technician or esthetician with the proper nail clippers and an emery board. Trim the nail across the nail plate at the groove, taking only small sections.

Notes: Grooves are weak in the nail plate. When trimming the nails across the plate, the nail will break off through the groove when it has been trimmed about half way across.

Latin name: onych/o- nail, gryph/o- claw, osis - condition or disease, ia - condition

Onychocryptosis?

Appearance: (Ingrown nail) Nail grows into the sides of the tissue around the nail. Looks red and can be painful for the client. Small abscesses or pus pockets can form if infected.

Cause: Nail grows into its sides of the tissue around the nail. Improper trimming of the toe nail

Correction: If the tissue around the nail is not infected or if the nail is not too deeply embedded in the flesh, you can trim the corner of the nail in curved shape to relieve the pressure of the nail groove.

Notes: DO NOT service if there are signs of infection. Refer client to a physician. The nail penetrating the soft tissue can create a portal of entry for bacteria. This can result in paronychia caused by Staphylococcus bacteria.

Latin name: onych/o- nail,crypt/o- hidden, osis - condition or disease

Onychauxis?

Appearance: Overgrowth of the nail. Abnormally thick nail plate.

Cause: Internal imbalance, local infection, injury or hereditary

Correction: Buff the Nail

Notes: N/A

Latin name: onych/o- nail, chauxis - overgrowth

Melanonychia?

Appearance: Brown or black bands under or within the nail plate. Extending from the nail fold to the free edge. May affect the entire nail plate.

Cause: Localized area of increased melanocytes (pigmented mole/nevus) usually in the matrix bed. As the nail plate grows towards the free edge a dark band of melanin becomes visible.

Correction: A coloured polish can help to hide discolouration.

Notes: If any new discolouration displays under the nail plate, refer client to physician.

Latin name: melano- pigment, onych/o- nail

Furrows?

Appearance: Indented vertical lines down the nail plate

Cause: Age, psoriasis, poor circulation, frost bite, nutritional deficiencies, pushing too hard with a cuticle pusher.

Correction: Lightly buff the nails to lessens the height of the ridges and apply a ridge filler

Notes: Perform nail service as usual

Latin name: N/A

Corrugations ?

Appearance: Horizontal wavy ridges across the nail.

Cause: High fever, pregnancy, measles in childhood, zinc deficiency, injury

Correction: Lightly buff to level the nail surface and apply a ridge filler.

Notes: Avoid over buffing

Latin name: N/A

Agnails (hangnails)?

Appearance: Cuticle around the nail’s plate splits

Cause: Dry cuticles cut too close to the nail

Correction: Softening the cuticles with oil. Trimming the hand nail with nippers. Hot oil manicures. Paraffin treatments.

Notes: Hangnails can become infected if not serviced properly.

Latin name: N/A

Splinter hemorrhages?

Appearance: Thin, red to reddish brown lines of blood under the nails. Runs in the direction of nail growth.

Cause: Tiny clots that damage the small capillaries under the nail. Endocarditis (infection of heart valves). Injury to the nail.

Correction: Coloured polish can hide this condition.

Notes: N/A

Latin name: N/A

Leukonychia?

Appearance: White spots appear on the nail

Cause: Air bubbles, bruises, injury to the nail.

Correction: Apply coloured polish

Notes: Will grow out.

Latin name: leuko- white, onych/o- nail, ia - condition

Pterygium?

Appearance: Abnormal scarring of the nail fold (eponychium) or the hyponychium.

Cause: Extreme overgrowth of the cuticle reaching from the base of the free edge.

Correction: No service on the affected nail.

Notes: N/A

Latin name: pteryg/o- abnormality, ium - structure or tissue

Onychophagy?

Appearance: Nails are very short and may become deformed.

Cause: Nail biter. Nervous habits.

Correction: Frequent manicures. Hot oil manicures. Artificial enhancements.

Notes: N/A

Latin name: onych/o-, phag/o - eat

Onychorrhexis?

Appearance: Split or brittle nails. Have a series of lengthwise ridges.

Cause: Injury to the fingers. Excessive use of cuticle solvents and nail polish remover. Careless filing.

Correction: Nail service can be performed only if the nail is not split below the free edge. Use nail oil, nail strengthener or artificial enhancement.

Notes: Discontinue use of harsh soaps, polish remover and improper filing.

Latin name: onych/o- nail, rrhexis - rupture

Tile-Shaped nails?

Appearance: Increased transverse curvature throughout the nail plate

Cause: Increased curvature of the matrix bed. Borders of the nail are parallel with each other.

Correction: Carefully trim the nail following the curvature.

Notes: Usually will not cause discomfort to the client. Other, more severe versions: - trumpet (pincer) nails - Plicatured (folded) nails

Latin name: N/A

Psoriasis of the nail?

Appearance: May turn green, yellow or brown with either small red or white spots underneath. Ridges, grooves or pitting on nail surface. Chalky white material can gather under the nail causing it to lift and loosen from the nail bed.

Cause: Chronic illness, genetics, can be linked to an autoimmune disorder.

Correction: Keep nails trimmed short. Do not recommend extensions. Using polish / gel polish will help improve appearance.

Notes: Can be a favourable environment for fungal infection.

Latin name: N/A

Keratoma (callus)?

Appearance: Buildup of thick skin. White or yellowish in colour.

Cause: Pressure and undue stress

Correction: Softening (soaking and use of callus softener). Foot paddling or nail drill to smooth out.

Notes: It is impossible to completely get rid of callus as it will reappear as long as excess pressure exists.

Latin name: kerat/o- cornea or hard tissue, oma - tumour

Clavus (corn)?

Appearance: Hardened raised bum can be inflamed. Buildup of thick skin on a joint. Hard corns have a cone-shaped core (or root) that extends down into the derma, causing pain and irritation.

Cause: Pressure or friction. Poor fitting shoes. Skipping socks or socks not fitting properly.

Correction: Recommend seeing a podiatrist to remove the corn, however, the corn will return if he/she continues to wear the offending footwear.

Notes: DO NOT cut at corn with nippers

Latin name: N/A

Hammertoes?

Appearance: Bending of one or both joints of the second, third, fourth of fifth (little) toes.

Cause: May result if a toe is too long and is forced into a cramped position when a tight shoe is worn. Muscle or tendon imbalance, hereditary.

Correction: N/A

Notes: Be careful when applying pressure during massage.

Latin name:

Hyperhidrosis?

Appearance: Blisters, athlete’s foot, growth of bacteria

Cause: Excessive sweating

Correction: Use of foot powder, change socks often to keep feet dry. Use specialty foot product for this condition.

Notes: N/A

Latin name: hyper- above or excessive, hidr/o- sweat, osis - condition

Bromhidrosis?

Appearance: Strong foot odour

Cause: Bacterial decomposition of sweat and keratin

Correction: Suggest foot deodorizing products and soaks for at home use. Wearing socks in shoes.

Notes: N/A

Latin name: brom/o- odour, hidr/o- sweat, osis - condition

Tinea Pedis (Athlete’s foot)?

Appearance: Found between the toes. Scaling, flaking and itching. Blisters and cracked skin may occur, leading to exposed raw tissue, pain, swelling and inflammation.

Cause: Contagious fungal infection of the foot. Also called ringworm of the foot.

Correction: Refer to a physician. Suggest medicated foot powders and foot creams to help prevent this condition.

Notes: If it is a very mild case, use extra sanitation measures to discourage cross contamination.

Latin name: tinea- ringworm, pedis - foot

Fissures?

Appearance: Cracked, dry skin in the heel area.

Cause: Thickening and drying of the skin.

Correction: Reduce the excess skin and moisturised to keep the skin soft.

Notes: Refer to a physician if the cracks are very deep or bleeding. Do not treat if this is severe; to do so may cause infection.

Latin name: N/A

Bunions (Hallux Valgus)?

Appearance: An overgrowth of bone on the side of the big toe. As the bunion enlarges, it causes the big toe to angle in in towards the other toes. There is often swelling, redness and unusual tenderness at the base of the big toe. The bunion will start to make the big toe point towards the other toes on the foot. Bunions could be extremely painful. Callus commonly forms over the area due to rubbing against the inside of shoes.

Cause/ Correction: Bunions are related to the spready of the forefoot, which tends to run in families. Wearing shoes with elevated heels and a narrow toe-box may contribute to bunion development.

Notes: Studies have shown that bunions may affect walking, balance and increased risk of falls in older people.

Latin name: N/A

Verruca (warts)?

Appearance: Cauliflower bumps. Bubble of hard rough skin with a black dot (blood vessel) centre (plantar/foot).

Cause: Humanpapillomavirus(HPV)

Correction: N/A

Notes: Warts are contagious and can spread if aggravated, avoid area. Wear gloves.

Latin name: N/A

Scabies?

Appearance: Bumps, blisters and intense itching.

Cause: Caused by the itch mite. Transmitted by direct contact with infected persons.

Correction: DO NOT offer services. This is a highly communicable disease. Refer client to a physician.

Notes: N/A

Latin name: N/A

Tinea Manus?

Appearance: Ringworm of the hand. Appears as rings containing tiny blisters, dark pink to reddish in colour, can have dry flakes and can spread to nails, scalp, feet or body.

Cause: Fungus or disease-related

Correction: No service may be performed. Refer client to a physician.

Notes: Can be confused for eczema or contact dermatitis.

Latin name: tinea- ringworm, manus - hand

Eczema?

Appearance: Inflammation, blisters, itchiness and flaking skin.

Cause: Acute or chronic skin inflammatory condition. A description of symptoms due to external (contact dermatitis) or internal causes.

Correction: Avoid the area if the it is inflamed or has open or weeping sores.

Notes: N/A

Latin name: N/A

Arthritis?

Appearance: Inflammation and stiffness of one or more joints.

Cause: Form of joint disorder. Osteoarthritis is the most common form (degenerative joint disease), a result of trauma to the joint, infection of the joint or age.

Correction: Pain is often associated, be cautious when working on the client.

Notes: N/A

Latin name: arthr/o - joints, itis - inflammation

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?

Appearance: No visible indicators.

Cause/Correction/Notes: Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the palm of the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed at the wrist. The median nerve controls sensations to the palm side of the thumb and fingers, as well as impulses to some small muscles in the hand that allow the fingers and thumb to move. The carpal tunnel – a narrow, rigid passageway of ligaments and bones at the base of the hand – houses the median nerve and tendons. Sometimes, thickening from irritated tendons or other swelling narrows the tunnel and causes the median nerve to be compressed. The result may be pain, weakness or numbness in the hand and wrist, radiating up the arm.

Gout ( Podagra)

Appearance: Characterized by the recurrent attacks of acute inflammatory arthritis – a red, tender, hot, swollen joint. The metatarsal – phalangeal joint at the base of the big toe is the most commonly affected.

Cause: Elevated levels of uric acid in the blood. The uric acid crystallizes and the crystals deposit in the joints, tendons and surrounding tissues.

Correction: N/A

Notes: One of the main risk factors of gout is diet. Originally known as “the disease of kings” or “rich man’s disease” because of the high consumption of alcohol, fructose-sweetened drinks, meet and seafood.