Procedures

opening between esophagus + stomach, controlled by cardiac sphincter

cardiac orifice

opening between stomach + small intestine, controlled by pyloric sphincter

pyloric orifice

muscosal folds of stomach, allow stomach to expand for nutrient absorption

rugae

sits posterior to body of stomach

fundus

sits anterior and inferior to fundus

body

sits posterior + distal to body of stomach

pylorus

What does an UGI evaluate

esophagus, stomach, duodenum

Clinical indications for an UGI

peptic ulcer, hiatal hernia, bezoar, gastritis

mass formed from ingestion of hair, fingernails

bezoar

What projection is this? (barium in fundus)

AP

CR for AP stomach

midway between xiphoid tip and lower costal margin (L1)

What projection is this? (air in fundus)

PA

CR for PA stomach

L1 + 1” left of spine

What projection is this? (air in fundus)

RAO

CR for RAO stomach

L1 midway between spine and lateral border of abdomen

Pt position for RAO stomach

40-70 oblique (45-55)

What projection is this?

Right lateral

What projection of an UGI shows the retrogastric space?

Right lateral

CR for Right lateral stomach

L1, 1.5” anterior to MCP

What projection is this? (barium in fundus)

LPO

CR for LPO stomach

L1, midway between midline of body + lateral border of abdomen

Pt position for LPO stomach

30-60 oblique (45)

What projection demonstrates an unobstructed view of the duodenal bulb?

LPO

extends from pyloric sphincter to ileocecal valve

small intestine

how long is the small intestine?

22 feet (7 meters)

shortest part of small intestine

Duodenum

How long is the duodenum?

8-10 inches (20-25 cm)

What portion of the small intestine contains major and minor duodenal papillae opening to ducts for liver or pancreas?

Duodenum

What is duojujenal flexure supported by?

Ligament of Treitz

How long is the Jejunum?

8 feet (2.5 meters)

how long is alimentary canal?

30 feet (9 meters)

What is the longest portion of the small intestine?

ileum

how long is the ileum?

11.5 feet (3.5 meters)

connect to large intestine by terminal ileum at ileocecal valve

ileum

What does a SBS evaluate?

stomach, small intestine + terminal ileum (TI)

Clinical indication for a SBS

crohns disease, SBO, abdominal pain, diarrhea

CR for scout KUB

2” above crest to include top of stomach

Why are images done prone for a SBS

compresses abdominal cavity to spread out intestines

uses fluoro and fspoon or compression paddle to visualize:

terminal ileum

What vertebral level is the xiphoid process located at?

T9-10

What vertebral level is the inferior costal margin located?

L2-3

What vertebral level is the iliac crest located?

L4-L5

done after gallbladder surgery to check for duct patency, look for retained stones, confirm no leaks or strictures

post op t tube cholangiography

tube left in common hepatic and bile ducts for post op drainiage

T-tube

What does the lateral skull demonstrate?

superimposed orbital roofs, greater wings of sphenoid, sella turcica

What skull positioning line is perpendicular to front edge of IR to put patient in true lateral

IOML

CR for lateral skull

+, 2” ^ EAM

What projection demonstrates sphenoid sinus?

lateral skull

What projection demonstrates all 4 sinuses

lateral skull

CR angle for PA Skull

0°

CR for PA skull

exits nasion

for the PA skull the OML is _ to the IR

+

PA skull demonstrates:

symmetric petrous ridges, orbits filled by petrous ridges

CR angle for AP Axial Towne’s when using OML

30° caudad

CR angle for AP Axial Towne’s if pt unable to lower chin (using IOML)

15° caudad

CR for AP Axial Towne’s

2.5” ^ glabella

AP Axial Towne’s demonstrates:

symmetric petrous pyramids, dorsum sellae, posterior clinoid processes

CR angle for PA Axial Caldwell

15° caudad

CR for PA Axial Caldwell’s

exits nasion

for the PA Axial Caldwell’s the OML is _ to the IR

+

PA Axial Caldwell’s view demonstrates:

symmetric petrous ridges, petrous pyramids in lower 1/3 of orbit

CR angle for SMV full basal view

0°

for the SMV, the IOML is _ to the IR

parallel

CR for SMV

¾ anterior to EAM, through sella turcica, + to IOML

SMV demonstrates:

symmetrical mandibular condyles, foramen magnum

CR for lateral facial bones

b/w outer canthus and EAM

lateral facial bones demonstrates:

superimposed mandibular rami, sella trucica, superimposed orbital roofs,

CR angle for water’s

0°

for the water’s view the OML forms a _ angle to the IR (chin on bucky)

37°

CR for water’s

exits acanthion

the MML is _ to the IR for the water’s view

+

the water’s for facial bones demonstrates:

petrous ridges projected below maxillary sinuses

What view demonstates the maxiallary sinuses?

water’s

Caldwell’s facial bones demonstrates:

symmetric petrous ridges lying in lower 1/3 of orbit

CR angle for modified water’s

0°

for the modified water’s view the OML forms a _ angle to the IR

55°

modified water’s facial bones view demonstrates:

petrous ridges projected below maxillary sinuses

aka parietoacanthial

water’s

CR angle for AP axial, reverse caldwell

15° cephalic

The lateral aspect of the obturator foramen is formed by:

ischium

CR for AP lumbar spine

1.5” ^ crest

Oblique C spine demonstrates:

intervertebral foramina + pedicles

CR for oblique lumbar spine

1.5” above crest + 2” medial to upside ASIS

CR for L5-S1 spot

1.5” distal to crest + 2” posterior to ASIS

for odontoid image, align:

incisor tooth to mastoid process

What level do the carotid arteries bifurcate?

C4

most stressed joint in the human body

knee

CR angle to free bladder neck of superimposition during a female cystourethrogram

5° caudad

Where do the ureters enter the bladder?

posterolateral

The wall of the esohpagus is composed of how many layers?

4

the concave medial border of the kidney where the blood vessels + ureter exit is called the:

hilum

How much lower should the IR be positioned when the upright position is used for projection of the stomach

3-6 in

Which projection of the stomach demonstrates its anterior and posterior surfaces?

lateral

Where is the compression applied during an IVU?

distal ends of ureters

the site where the ureters enter the bladder is termed the:

ureterovesical junction

for all projections of the esophagus, the top of the IR is positioned at:

the level of the mouth

How much is the body rotated for the PA oblique projections of the stomach and duodenum?

40-70°

CR angle for AP Axial bladder

10-15° caudad

how much is the knee flexed for a lateral projection?

20-30°

Where will the fibula be located on a properly positioned lateral radiograph of the ankle?

over posterior half of the tibia