marriage and family test 1

What is a family according to contemporary definitions?

An intimate group of people who share emotional ties, care for one another, and maintain a committed relationship.

What are fictive kin?

Nonrelatives treated as family because of strong emotional bonds.

True or False: Fictive kin are related by blood.

False.

What are the five universal family functions?

Sexual activity, procreation/socialization, economic security, emotional support, and social class placement.

What is procreation?

The production of children.

What is socialization?

The process by which children learn society’s values, norms, and behaviors.

What is economic security?

Providing resources such as food, shelter, and financial support.

What is emotional support?

Providing love, affection, and care.

What is social class placement?

Passing social status and position to children.

What is endogamy?

Marrying within one’s social group.

What is exogamy?

Marrying outside one’s social group.

What is a biological family (family of origin)?

The family into which a person is born.

What is a family of procreation?

The family formed through marriage and childbearing.

What is a kinship system?

The network of relatives and family relationships.

What is a nuclear family?

Parents and their biological or adopted children.

What is an extended family?

Parents, children, and other relatives.

What is patrilocal residence?

Living near or with the husband’s family.

What is matrilocal residence?

Living near or with the wife’s family.

What is neolocal residence?

Establishing a new residence separate from both families.

Which residence pattern is most common in the U.S.?

Neolocal.

What is a patriarchal family?

A family in which men hold primary authority.

What is a matriarchal family?

A family in which women hold primary authority.

What is an egalitarian family?

A family in which authority is shared equally.

What is monogamy?

Marriage to one spouse at a time.

What is serial monogamy?

A pattern of marriage, divorce, and remarriage.

What is polygamy?

Marriage involving multiple spouses.

What is polygyny?

One man married to multiple women.

What is polyandry?

One woman married to multiple men.

What is the myth of the “good old days”?

The belief that families in the past had fewer problems and stronger relationships.

What is the myth of the self-sufficient family?

The belief that families succeed entirely on their own.

What is the myth of the family as a loving refuge?

The belief that all families are safe and loving.

What is the myth of the perfect family?

The belief that successful families never experience problems.

What is a functional myth?

A myth that promotes unity and emotional stability.

What is a dysfunctional myth?

A myth that creates unrealistic expectations and hides problems.

What are the three perspectives on family change?

Family decline, family change, and family resilience.

Name five macro-level influences on families.

Economy, technology, popular culture, social movements, and family policies.

What are micro-level influences?

Individual choices and behaviors within families.

What are macro-level influences?

Large social forces that affect families.

Why are micro-level explanations limited?

They cannot explain forces outside a family’s control.

How are micro and macro influences related?

Large social forces shape individual family choices.

Why is it important to study families from different cultures?

It helps us understand diversity and avoid assuming U.S. families are the norm.

How do immigrants affect family life in the U.S.?

They bring cultural beliefs and traditions that shape families.

True or False: Families around the world are changing.

True.

What is a theory?

A set of statements explaining why something occurs.

Why are theory and research important?

They help us understand families and make informed decisions.

Is structural functional theory macro or micro?

Macro.

What are instrumental roles?

Breadwinner and provider roles.

What are expressive roles?

Nurturing and emotional support roles.

What is a manifest function?

An intended and recognized consequence.

What is a latent function?

An unintended and unrecognized consequence.

Is conflict theory macro or micro?

Macro.

What is the main focus of conflict theory?

Power, inequality, and competition.

What do conflict theorists believe causes many family problems?

Larger social inequalities.

What is the focus of feminist theory?

Gender inequality and social change.

Can men be feminists?

Yes.

Who developed ecological theory?

Urie Bronfenbrenner.

What are the four systems in ecological theory?

Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem.

What does family development theory study?

Changes families experience over time.

What is the family life cycle?

The stages families move through over time.

Is symbolic interaction theory macro or micro?

Micro.

What are symbols?

Words, gestures, or objects with shared meanings.

What is the definition of the situation?

How people interpret reality.

What is the main idea of social exchange theory?

People seek rewards and avoid costs.

Why do some people remain in unhappy relationships according to social exchange theory?

The rewards may seem greater than the costs.

What does family systems theory emphasize?

Family interactions and communication.

What is equilibrium in family systems theory?

Family stability and balance.

What is historical trauma?

Emotional and psychological injury caused by oppression and discrimination.

What is filial piety?

Respect and obedience toward parents.

What is guan?

A parenting style involving both control and caring.

What is miscegenation?

Marriage or relationships between people of different races.

Which Supreme Court case overturned anti-miscegenation laws?

Loving v. Virginia (1967).

What is interracial marriage?

Marriage between people of different races.

What is interethnic marriage?

Marriage between people of different ethnic groups.

What is acculturation?

Adopting aspects of another culture.

What factors increase intermarriage rates?

Proximity, education, income, diversity, and acculturation.

What strengths are common in many racial-ethnic families?

Strong kinship bonds, adaptability, spirituality, work ethic, and resilience.

What is deindustrialization?

The decline in manufacturing jobs.

What is globalization?

Increasing worldwide economic connections.

What is offshoring?

Moving jobs to other countries.

What is automation?

Replacing workers with technology.

What is social class?

A position in society based on income, education, and occupation.

Who are the working poor?

People who work but remain below the poverty line.

Who are discouraged workers?

People who stop looking for work because they believe none is available.

Who are underemployed workers?

Workers employed below their skill or education level.

What is work-family conflict?

Conflict between job demands and family responsibilities.

What is flextime?

A work schedule with flexible arrival and departure times.

What is telecommuting?

Working remotely using technology.

What are benefits of telecommuting?

Flexibility, less commuting, and increased productivity.

What are drawbacks of telecommuting?

Isolation, fewer promotion opportunities, and blurred work-family boundaries.

What does FMLA stand for?

Family and Medical Leave Act.

When was FMLA passed?

1993.

How much leave does FMLA provide?

Up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave.

What events qualify for FMLA leave?

Birth, adoption, serious illness, or caring for a sick family member.

What is a major limitation of FMLA?

Many workers are not covered and the leave is unpaid.

What is the difference between a nuclear and extended family?

A nuclear family includes parents and children, while an extended family includes other relatives.

What is the difference between endogamy and exogamy?

Endogamy is marrying within a group; exogamy is marrying outside a group.

What is the difference between patriarchal and egalitarian families?

Patriarchal families have male authority; egalitarian families share authority equally.

What is the difference between functional and dysfunctional myths?

Functional myths promote stability; dysfunctional myths create unrealistic expectations.

What is the difference between macro and micro influences?

Macro influences are societal forces; micro influences are individual and family choices.

What is the difference between instrumental and expressive roles?

Instrumental roles involve providing income; expressive roles involve emotional support.