Human Development

Human development involves changes that occur across the lifespan, from __________ to __________.

conception; death

The four main periods of human development are __________, __________, __________, and __________.

Prenatal period and Infancy; Childhood; Adolescence; Adulthood

__________ refers to the failure of early memories that often leads us to believe that our experiences as young infants are less relevant.

autobiographical memory

__________ refers to the inability to recall memories from early childhood, typically before the age of three.

infantile amnesia

Longitudinal research design involves studying __________ repeatedly over a long period.

the same group of participants

In cross-sectional research design, different groups of people of __________ ages are studied at the same single point in time.

different

__________ is the theme in developmental psychology that considers how changes may be gradual or abrupt throughout life.

Continuity and Discontinuity

In the nature versus nurture debate, __________ factors determine who we become while __________ factors shape our growth.

Biological; Environmental

Three stages of prenatal development include the germinal stage, the __________ stage, and the __________ stage.

embryonic; fetal

__________ are external agents that cause damage or death during prenatal development.

Teratogens

A key focus of infant attachment is the extent to which an infant uses their __________ as a secure base to explore.

caregiver

In the Strange Situation, a securely attached child is likely to __________ when the caregiver leaves, but is easily comforted upon return.

become upset

According to Erik Erikson, the challenge for adolescents is __________ versus role confusion.

identity

The __________ stage in Piaget’s theory involves children thinking logically and solving conservation problems.

Concrete Operational

Cognitive development is often assessed through tasks like the __________ task, designed to measure a child's understanding of other people's beliefs.

False Belief

The primary circular reactions in infants occur around __________ months and involve repetitive actions with their own body.

1 to 4

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development culminate in the __________ stage, where individuals recognize that human laws can be flawed.

postconventional

In the attachment styles, an __________ attachment is characterized by a child's detachment and inability to seek comfort from the caregiver.

insecure-avoidant

The developmental challenge of late adulthood encompasses feelings of integrity versus __________.

despair

The ability of a child to distinguish between intentional and unintentional behaviors marks the development of __________ by age three.

intentionality

Children are considered to experience __________ during school age as they compare themselves to peers.

social comparison

Research focusing on intergenerational trauma within Indigenous communities addresses the outcomes of the __________ school system.

residential

Physical aging is generally gradual and mild in __________ individuals.

healthy