BIO PSYC EXAM 4!!!!

What is motivation?

how we shape and maintain certain behaviors to reach a milestone or goal.

What are the three biological theories of motivation?

1. Instinct Theory 2. Drive Reduction Theory 3. Arousal Theory

Which part of the brain is involved in the motivation of hunger?

The hypothalamus, specifically the lateral hypothalamus and paraventricular hypothalamus.

What hormones control blood sugar levels?

Insulin and glucagon.

What is Anorexia Nervosa?

A disorder where the patient fails to eat enough to maintain a normal body weight, often paired with body dysmorphia.

What characterizes Bulimia Nervosa?

Binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting to purge calories.

What defines obesity?

Having a body mass index (BMI) of over 30, which is dangerous to health.

What is the significance of lifestyle changes over diets in weight management?

Lifestyle changes are more important than diets for long-term success.

What neurotransmitters are observed to be irregular in patients with obesity?

Dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5HT).

What is emotional regulation?

The ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences.

What is the James-Lange Theory of Emotion?

The theory that physiology comes before cognition in emotional experience.

What does the Cannon-Bard Theory propose?

Physiology and cognition occur simultaneously during emotional experiences.

What is the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion?

A theory similar to James-Lange, emphasizing the role of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal.

What is the Dual Pathway Model of Emotion?

A model suggesting there are two pathways for emotional processing: a low road (unconscious) and a high road (conscious appraisal).

What is Sudden Cardiac Death often associated with?

Ventricular fibrillation, which can occur due to chaotic electrical activity in the heart.

What is 'Vodou Death'?

A phenomenon where overcorrection of the sympathetic nervous system response leads to death.

What do polygraphs measure?

Sympathetic arousal, but they are not reliable for determining truthfulness.

What are primary/basic emotions?

Emotions that likely exist in all cultures, such as fear and disgust.

What is anhedonia?

The inability to experience pleasure.

What are the three stages of Schizophrenia?

1. Prodromal 2. Active 3. Residual

What is the Serotonin Theory of Schizophrenia?

A theory suggesting that imbalances in serotonin contribute to schizophrenia.

What characterizes Bipolar Disorder?

Periods of mania and depression, with the depressive phase generally lasting longer.

What is the primary medication used for Bipolar Disorder?

Lithium, a mood stabilizer.

What is the Neurocircuitry Hypothesis of Depression?

A theory suggesting that the amygdala overreacts to sadness, affecting emotional regulation.

What are the diagnostic requirements for Depression?

1. Depressed mood most of the day 2. Anhedonia 3. Suicidal ideation

What is Cognitive Psychotherapy?

A treatment for depression that poses a lesser risk of relapse but is often expensive and long-term.

What is Electoconvulsive Shock Therapy (ECT) primarily used for?

ECT is typically used for delusional and suicidal patients.

What is the success rate of ECT?

80% success rate.

How does ECT work?

It works by causing a seizure.

What are the side effects of ECT?

Non-severe retrograde amnesia.

What is Ketamine used for in mental health treatment?

Ketamine is used to treat clinically depressed patients via a nasal spray.

How can sleep pattern regulation help with mental health?

Adjusting sleep patterns can benefit patients who begin REM sleep too quickly.

Which gender is more likely to experience anxiety disorders?

Anxiety disorders generally occur more in females than males.

What characterizes Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

Chronic overworrying about everything, often linked to an overactive autonomic nervous system.

What type of medication is commonly used to treat anxiety?

Anxiolytics.

What neurotransmitter do anxiolytics enhance to decrease anxiety?

GABA.

What are Barbiturates and their significance in anxiety treatment?

Barbiturates were the first compounds introduced in anxiety treatment, but have a narrow safety margin.

How do Benzodiazepines work?

They bind to GABA-a receptors, increasing the binding ability of GABA.

What is an 'off-label' drug use?

When a drug is prescribed for a purpose not originally intended.

What is the relationship between SSRIs and anxiety?

SSRIs are often prescribed to treat anxiety, as it frequently co-occurs with depression.

What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) thought to be caused by?

Issues in neurocircuitry.

What is a common treatment for OCD?

SSRIs.

What are Dissociative Disorders?

Conditions involving separation from memories, consciousness, or reality, often as a coping mechanism.

What is Depersonalization Disorder?

A feeling of detachment from the environment, often during traumatic situations.

What is Dissociative Personality Disorder (DPD)?

Formerly known as multiple personality disorder, often associated with childhood trauma.

What is Hypochondriasis / Illness Anxiety Disorder?

An intense fear of being sick, despite medical reassurance.

What are Conversion Disorders?

Patients have diagnosable symptoms with no physiological cause, often linked to trauma.

What is Intermittent Explosive Disorder?

A disorder characterized by sudden urges to commit aggressive acts, often followed by remorse.

What is Kleptomania?

A disorder characterized by a strong urge to steal, followed by feelings of remorse.

What is Pyromania?

An intense urge to light things on fire, providing relief from tension.

What is Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) associated with?

Childhood trauma and characterized by instability in relationships and self-image.

What brain changes are observed in patients with BPD?

Underactive prefrontal cortex, smaller hippocampus, and hyperactive amygdala.

What defines Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD)?

A lack of awareness for the feelings of others and a strong lack of empathy.

What are the limitations of polygraphs in lie detection?

They detect sympathetic arousal, not lies, based on incorrect assumptions about nervousness.

What was the Central Park Five case about?

Five teenagers were manipulated into believing they killed a woman, later proven innocent.