geog paper 2

What is migration?.

A: Permanent or semi-permanent movement of people between places

Difference between asylum seeker and refugee?

A: Asylum seeker = awaiting decision; refugee = legally granted protection.

Define sovereignty

A: A state’s ability to control its own borders and policies without external interference.

Define nationalism

A: Strong identification with one’s nation, often prioritising national interests.

Migration (Mexico → USA) – main push factors from Mexico

A: Low wages, unemployment, crime

Migration (Mexico → USA) – main pull factors to USA

A: Higher wages, job opportunities, better living standards

Migration (Mexico → USA) – key stat

A: ~11 million Mexican-born people live in the USA

Migration (Mexico → USA) – economic impact on USA

A: Provides cheap labour and fills low-skilled jobs

Migration (Mexico → USA) – economic impact on Mexico

A: Remittances sent home boost the economy

Migration (Syria) – main cause of migration

A: Civil war since 2011

Migration (Syria) – key stat

A: ~6.8 million refugees

Migration (Syria) – main destination regions

A: Turkey and Europe

Migration (Syria) – impact on host countries

A: Pressure on services but also adds labour supply

Sovereignty (UK – Brexit) – what was the key migration issue?

A: Control over EU free movement of people

Sovereignty (UK – Brexit) – why did migration matter?

A: Desire to control borders and reduce immigration

Sovereignty (global) – example of strong sovereignty policy

A: Strict border controls / immigration limits

Sovereignty (EU) – example of reduced sovereignty

A: Free movement of people between member states

Migration (global) – economic benefits

A: Fills labour shortages, increases tax revenue

Migration (global) – economic/social costs

A: Pressure on housing, services, potential social tension

Migration (evaluation) – key judgement point

A: Impacts depend on scale of migration and government policy

Regeneration (Eastbourne) – main project

A: The Beacon shopping centre redevelopment

Regeneration (Eastbourne) – main aim

A: Increase tourism and retail spending

Regeneration (Eastbourne) – economic impact

A: Increased footfall and local investment

Regeneration (Eastbourne) – economic issue

A: Jobs are often low-paid and seasonal

Regeneration (Docklands) – organisation responsible

A: London Docklands Development Corporation

Regeneration (Docklands) – main development

A: Canary Wharf financial centre

Regeneration (Docklands) – transport improvements

A: DLR and Jubilee Line

Regeneration (Docklands) – key social issue

A: Inequality and gentrification

Regeneration (Eastbourne vs Docklands) – difference in scale

A: Eastbourne = small/local, Docklands = large/global

Regeneration (Eastbourne vs Docklands) – economic comparison

A: Docklands created more wealth than Eastbourne

Regeneration (Eastbourne vs Docklands) – social comparison

A: Docklands has greater inequality

Regeneration (evaluation) – key judgement

A: Regeneration success depends on who benefits (locals vs investors)

Globalisation – definition

A: Increasing interdependance of economies and cultures

Globalisation (TNCs) – role

A: Drive trade, outsourcing, and global production

Globalisation – key concept

A: The world feels “smaller” because we can travel, communicate, and trade more quickly.

Superpowers – definition

A: Countries with global economic, political, and military influence

Superpowers (global) – main examples

A: USA and China

Superpowers – hard power example

: Military strength

Superpowers – soft power example

A: Culture, media, global brands

average Age (Eastbourne vs Tower Hamlets)

A: Eastbourne median ~44 vs Tower Hamlets ~31 → ~13 year gap

Elderly population comparison (eastbourne vs tower hamlets)

A: Eastbourne ~25% 65+ vs Tower Hamlets ~6–8%

Youth population comparison (eastbourne vs tower hamlets)

A: Tower Hamlets ~60% under 35 vs much lower in Eastbourne

Income comparison (eastbourne vs tower hamlets)

A: Eastbourne ~28k vs Canary Wharf jobs £80k+

Inequality comparison (eastbourne vs tower hamlets)

A: Tower Hamlets = extreme inequality; Eastbourne = lower but still some deprivation

Olympic Park (pre-2012) – economic condition

A: High unemployment; one of the most deprived areas in the UK

Olympic Park regeneration – number of homes planned

A: ~24,000 new homes (long-term target)

Olympic Park regeneration – affordable housing proportion

A: ~32% classified as affordable housing

Olympic Park regeneration – Olympic Village use

A: Converted into housing (East Village)

Olympic Park regeneration – jobs created in construction?

A: ~16,000+ jobs during construction phase

Olympic Park regeneration – economic value

A: Billions of pounds added to UK economy (multi-billion legacy investment)

Olympic Park regeneration – positive impacts

A: Jobs, housing, improved transport, environmental cleanup, global image boost

Olympic Park regeneration – negative impacts

A: Gentrification, rising house prices, uneven benefits for local residents

Key evaluation point (olympic park regenration)

A: Benefits are unevenly distributed between local communities and incoming higher-income groups

what happened to the old 2012 london olympic site?

560 acres of derelict contaminated brownfield land was transformed into the Olympic Park.

how many hectares of green space (olympic site)

100 hectares

how many trees (olympic site)

4000

whta was the proetst in towrhamlets in 2015

antigentrification in and around spitafields

What has fallen in the Tower Hamlets area as developers seek to maximise their profits?

the number affordable homes