EDF 6225 exam 1, 2 and 3 study guide

Focus of ABA

-applied behavior analysts focus on behaviors of social importance, they intervene with research-based strategies and tactics to improve the targeted behaviors, and they use scientific methods-objective description, measurement and experimentation to demostrate reliable relations between their interventions and the behavioral improvement.

-Identify environmental variables affecting behavior

Basic Characteristics of science

3 levels of understanding

Description

Prediction

Control

description

-First level of scientific undestanding

-Describe the facts that are derived from observing behavior.

-Quantity and classify these observed events to test for possible relationships

Think: Organize information to make a prediction(hypothesis ) for further exploration

Prediction

-Second level of scientific understanding

-with control, a primary goal of the science of behavior.

-Look at descriptions of events to make a hypothesis about function.

-identify the probability of one event occuring when another event occurs.

Think: Hypothesize about function.

Control

-Thrid and highest level of scientific understanding.

-Experimental test of the prediction

-Experimental demostration that manipulating one event( the independent variable) results in a change in another event( the dependent variable) and this change can be attributable only to the independent variable.

Think: PROOF. Test the hypotesis to confirm what has been predicted.

Determinism

-Is the assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur as a result of other events.

-Assumption the world orderly, predictable and lawful place where all events occur as a result of cause and effect

-EVERYTHING HAS A CAUSE AND NOTHING HAPPENS OUT OF NOWHERE.

fatalism

the belief that all events are predetermined and therefore inevitable. The scientific discovery of functional relations and use of these discoveries to improve things would be impossible.

everything is predetermined (no matter what we do nothing changes)

Empiricism

-The assumption that knowledge is built on objective observation and measurement( data)

-Reliance on a detailed description of events and objective quantification( measurement)

Think: Evidence-based, experimental, data-based scientific.

Experimentation

-Basic strategy of most sciences

-Requires manipulating variables( IV) to see their effects on the behavior(DV).

-Controlled comparison of the DV under two or more conditions(IV).

-Determine if one event caused another event

-Requires that all variables be controlled except the DV.

Think: research, functional analysis/control

Replication

-One experiment is valuable, but it's not enough, we need reliability

-Repeat experiments to determine their reliability

-Determine usefulness of findings

-Discover and correct mistakes.

Think: Science is a self-correcting enterprise

parsimony

-The philosophy that simple explanations should be considered first.

-The assumption that the simplest and already-established theory, requiring the fewest assumptions, must be ruled out before considering more complex explanations.

Think: Explanations based on our science first.

Attitudes of Science

Determinism

Empiricism

Experimentation

Replication

Philosophic doubt

Parsimony

Behaviorism

-Examines the philosophical, theoretical, historical and methodological issues within the science of behavior.

-Contrasts mentalism which often has difficulty making predictions that could be tested using experimental methods.

-Enviromental( not mentalistic) explanation of behavior.

-Today's behaviorism= Skinner's radical behaviorism.

Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

-Basic laboratory research on behavior

-Research on basic processes and principles, is conducted mainly in laboratories.

-Human and non-human subjects.

-Think: controlled setting

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

-The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior through experimentation.

-Applied research.

-An applied science that uses the behavior principles derived from EAB, to improve socially important behavior.

-Involves assessing the enviromental influences on behavior, assessment-based intervention, and data-based decision-making.

Think: what we do

Mentalism

A mental or "inner" Dimension exist that is different from a behavioral dimension.

Radical Behaviorism

-B.F skinner contibution

-Seeks to understand all human behavior, both public and private.

-Response to private events is a significant as response to public events Ex: private stimuli can evoke and affect behavior.

-Responses to private events can be private or public.

Characteristics of ABA

Applied

Behavioral

Analytic

Technological

Conceptually Systematic

Effective

Generality

behavior

-An observable act of a living being that is measurable

-what living organisms say, do, think, and/or feel.

-How living organism interact with their enviroment

-Action that has an effect on the environment.

Think: Verbs, activity, movement

Think: Behavioral dimension of ABA

Stimulus

-any event or situation that evokes a response

-Physical events that affect behavior

-Can be external or internal to the individual whose behavior is impacted Ex: muscle spams, bright light, noise, person present, thought)

consequence

-A stimulus change that directly follows a behavior of interest.

-A stimulus changes that comes after a behavior and changes the likehood of that response occuring in the future.

think: learning occurs through consequences.

respondent behavior

-It is reflexive behavior, involuntary behavior, elicited without any prior learning.

-Reflex response that is elicited by antecedent stimuli.

Think: No history of consequences.

Respondent Conditioning

-Formerly neutral stimuli can acquire the ability to elicit respondents.

-Introduced by Ivan Pavlov.

-When neutral stimuli(NS) achieve the capacity to elicit respondent behavior typically elicited by specific unconditioned stimuli.

-NOT learned through consequences like operant behavior.

think: no history of consequences

Respondent Extinction

-The process in which a conditioned stimulus no longer elicits a conditioned response because the CS is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Think: Bone presented without meat.

operant behavior

-Behavior that is selected and maintained by its consequences.

-Voluntary and learned behavior, selected by consequences.

Think: Selectionism from philosophical assumptions

Ontogenic: Learned behavior that result from an interaction with one's settings, operant behavior is product of one's individual history.

-Defined by function( not topography)

Ex: reading, singing, dancing are all behavior learned through consequences.

operant conditioning

-A 3-term contingency known as the ABCs of behavior, which involves an occasion for a behavior(A/Sd), the behavior itself(B), and the consequence(C) that follows that behavior.

-Determine the future of that behavior's occurrence or nonoccurrence.

Think: What behavior analysts do for living.

Watson

-argued that the proper subject matter for psychology was not states of mind or mental processes but observable behavior.

-Father of behaviorism

-Methological behaviorism

Pavlov

the work of the digestive glands(1897)

Classical A-B Conditioning

three-term contingency

Antecedent, behavior, and consequence can also be called the ______ contingency

Reinforcement

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

a consequence following a behavior that increases the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future

positive reinforcement

When a stimulus is added and future frequencies of behavior maintain or increase, it is known as ______ reinforcement.

Think: something desirable( access to social attention, tangibles, automatic reinforcement) increase future behavior.

negative reinforcement

When a stimulus is removed and future frequencies of behavior maintain or increase, it is know as ________.

think: the removal of something undesirable( relief from pain, escape from sensory stimulation, avoidance of conflict) increase future behavior.

punishment

A decrease in the future frequency of occurrence of the behavior must be observed before consequent-based intervention qualifies as _________.

positive punishment

_________ is when stimulus is added and future occurrences of behavior decreases.

__punishment is when stimulus is added and future occurrences of behavior decreases.

negative punishment

________has occurred when the frequency of responding has been decreased by the removal of a stimulus immediately following a behavior.

rule-governed behavior

-Describes verbal and nonverbal behavior that is controlled by a verbal statement (rule) and not an immediate consequence.

-Contrasted with contingency-shaped behavior.

Think: a verbal descrption of a behavioral contingency. Rule control, rule governance, rules.

B.F. Skinner

Although most of you are preparing for the BACB certification exam, please know that the material is based on the work of ________ and his science and philosophy of human behavior. There are occasions where we may spend time on items that are no longer specifically required for the exam, but we feel are required to be an excellent behavior scientist.

Standard Celeration Chart (SCC)

The ________ is the only standardized form of data measurement in our science. In this course, you will be charting your own behavior - specifically your daily study of ABA terminology.

Systematic Approach

The word _______ refers to a systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world.

What is the purpose for this systematic approach?

-To achieve a thorough understanding of the phenomena under study.

-To seek to discover the real truths.

-so no bias by groups or organizations

-or by the scientists themselves.

Dependent Variable (DV) Behavior

The _________ is the event in which we observe change.

-Target behavior of interest, being measured in an experiment

What is a functional relationship?

It exists when a well-controlled experiment demonstrates that a specific change in one event (the dependent variable) is reliably produced by specific manipulations of another event (the independent variable), and that the change in the dependent variable was unlikely to be the result of other extraneous factors (confounding variables).

Independent Variable (IV)Intervention

The _______ is the event in which we manipulate.

the treatment/intervention

Dependent Variable (DV)

The "behavior" we wish to change in behavior analysis is known as the _________.

Independent Variable (IV)

The "intervention" we employ in behavior analysis is known as the ________.

independent variable; dependent variable

When we apply an intervention, we are manipulating the _______ . The change we see in the target behavior is known as the ________.

functional relationship; manipulate; change; extraneous variables

A _______ is demonstrated when we ________ the independent variable and see a ____ in the dependent variable and that change is not likely due to______.

What is Accidentalism?

The idea that events occur by accident or without cause.

technological( step by step)

This characteristic of ABA focuses on well-defined procedures

-written description of all procedures in the study is sufficiently complete and detailed to enable others to replicate it written description of all procedures in the study is sufficiently complete and detailed to enable others to replicate it.-all operative procedures are identified and described in detail and clearly.

Stimulus Class

1-A group of stimuli that share specified common formal, temporal, or functional formal dimensions

-Formal: (form) physical properties

-Temporal:(time) location in time to behavior

-Functional:( effect) effect on behavior.

2-A stimulus class is any group od stimuli sharing a predetermined set of common elements. formal, temporal, functional.

methodological behaviorism

The philosophical position that unobservable behavior is outside the realm of science

Selectionism

The assumption that behavior evolves and is maintained by consequence( function)

-SELECTION BY CONSEQUENCES.

The traits that work, get passed on!

➢Natural Selection

❑ Reproduction and variation-survival of the species

➢Operant Selection

❑ Learning history of the individual-survival of the organism

➢Cultural Selection

❑ Evolve over time and passed on in a group-mostly mediated by verbal behavior

contingency

Describes the connection between the situation, the type of behavior, and the consequences that follow the behavior

Ontogeny( learn)

The learning and development of an individual organism over a single lifetime

Punisher

A stimulus that decreases the future rate of a behavior that immediately precedes it

characteristic of ABA

Generality(generalization)

This characteristic of ABA focuses on lasting behavioral change

We, as behavior analysts, program for generalization to ensure the behavior changes we produce continue to occur in other settings, and with other people.

Characteristic of ABA

Behavioral( behavior)

-This characteristic of ABA focuses on choosing a measurable behavior

-We, as behavior analysts are behavioral because, in our work, the subject of interest is clearly defined, measurable and observable behavior.

Satiation

A motivating operation that occurs due to the continued presentation or availability of a reinforcer

deprivation

A motivating operation that occurs due to a state of reduced access to a specific item or activity

Phylogeny( unlearn)

Natural selection across many lifetimes within a species

characteristic of ABA

analytic( Token, manipulations)

This characteristic of ABA focuses on demonstrating functional control

-We need to know the function to do our jobs

-Functional relation, control, causation, proof.

-We, as behavior analysts, are analytic because, in our work, we assess for the function of behavior, and we base our treatments on that function.

reinforcer

A stimulus that increases the future rate of a behavior that immediately precedes it

Characteristic of ABA

effective( measurable change)

This characteristic of ABA focuses on improving behavior to a practical degree.

-Practical improvement

-We, as behavior analyst, are effective because our work results in significant and measurable changes to an individual's life.

reflex

An antecedent stimulus and the respondent behavior it elicits within a stimulus-response relation

Charaacteristic of ABA

Conceptually Systematic( interventions)

This characteristic of ABA focuses on connecting procedures to principles

-Procedures should be derived from the basis principles of behavior analysis( punishment, extinction, reinforcement)

-As a behavior analyst the intervention we use are based on the principles of behavior principles of behavior( punishment, extinction, reinforcement)

Philosophic Doubt

The philosophy that scientists should continually question what is considered a fact

Be a healthy skeptic and question the truth

Characteristic of ABA

applied( Social)

This characteristic of ABA focuses on enhancing and improving people's lives

-Improving individual's everyday lives.

-Our work take places in applied settings, targeting the socially significant problem behaviors where they occur(home, school, park)

Response Class

A group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment.

A group of behavior that meet the same need.

Pragmatism

The philosophy that practical solutions are most important.

-if it work, don't fix it.

antecedent

A stimulus change occurring or condition existing prior to a behavior of interest

practice guided by the science of behavior analysis (BA)

Professional work that utilizes interventions based on the philosophy of behaviorism and the research of EAB and ABA.

Individuals in variuos fields of work implementing ABA procedures within their professions.

Ex: education,sports, psychology, job safety, health, business, animal training, commerce.

response

A single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behavior

Why is parsimony important?

Parsimony interpretations help scientists assess and fit new findings within the field's existing knowledge base. A fully parsimonious interpretation consists only of those elements that are necessary and sufficient to explain the phenomenon at hand.In other words, given a choice between two competing and compelling explanations for the same phenomenon, one should shave off extraneous variables and choose the simplest explanation, the one that requires the fewest assumptions.

Why is replication important?

Replication is the primary reason science is self-correcting enterprise that ultimately gets it right (not the infallibility or inherent honesty of scientists).(in ABA replication to be done with the exact same experiment, or reintroducing the same condition more than one time to see if you get the same results each time. This is essentially using someone as their own control group doing a single subject design we can get that replication using the same person over and over again)

What is philosophic doubt?

-The Continuous questioning of the truthfulness and the validity of all scientific theory and knowledge.-Using scientific evidence before implementing a new practice and monitoring the effectiveness of the practice after its implementation.

Observable behavior; Behaviorism

Behavior analysis has three major branches: behaviorism, the experimental analysis of behavior, and applied behavior analysis. _______ is the natural science approach for discovering orderly and reliable relations between behavior and various type of environmental variables of which is the function. _______ is the philosophy of the science of behavior.

Definition of Science

- a systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena.-as evidence by description, prediction, and control.-that rely on determinism as its fundamental assumption.-empiricism as its prime directive.-experimentation as its basic strategy.- replication as its necessary requirement for believbility.-parsimony as a conservative value.- and philosophic doubt as its guiding conscience.

Applied Behavior Analysis

_____ was established by Baer, Wolf, and Risley (1968) with seven guiding dimensions. (2)

Describe the development of Applied Behavior Analysis.

Psychology in the early 1900s was dominated with the study of states of Consciousness, images, and other mental processes.Introspection, the act of carefully observing one's own conscious thoughts and feelings, was a primary method of investigation.

Behaviorism (Skinner)

-Examines the philosophical, theoretical, historical, and methodoloical issues within the science of behavior.

-Contrasts metalism which often has difficulty making predictionsthat could be tested using experimental methods.

-Enviromental( not mentalistic) explanations of behavior.

-Today's behaviorism=Skinner's radical behaviorism

Describe Respondent Beahvior

-It is reflexive behavior

-Respondents are elicited ("brought on by") stimuli that immediately precedes them. -Antecedent stimulus and response it elicits from a functional unit called a reflex. -Involuntary response.

-Occur whenever elicit stimulus is present. -S-R model (represents it) (dog drooling is respondent bx)

Describe Operant behavior.

-Behavior is shaped through the consequences that immediately follow it. -Three-term contingency. -S-R-S model (an extra stimulus is added at the end, which is also how behavior is formed). -Behaviors that are influenced bu stimulus changes that have followed the behavior in the past.

Give an example of Operant behavior.

if I had a dog on the nose every time it comes to me over the overtime that dog is going to come to me less and less dogs learned that after the response of coming to me to be pet but she will receive the signals of getting hit that behavior will change.behaviors are influenced by stimulus changes that have followed the behavior of the past. So what has happened to us before we learn from it and change how we interact.

occurance

The discriminative stimulus only signals the _______ of a reinforcer. It does not change the effectiveness of a reinforcer.

motivating operation;occurrance

A ___________ increases or decreases the current effectiveness of a reinforcer. A motivating operation does not signal the ______ of a reinforcer.

Habituation

______ occurs when an organism stops responding to a repeated stimulus over time.

accidentalism

events in the universe happen randomly or by accident (the antithesis to determinism)

functional analysis

Experiments that have demonstrated or discovered a functional relation between a target behavior and one or more environmental variables are said to have achieved a....

aversive stimulus

a stimulus that is unpleasant (stimulus conditions whose termination functions as reinforcement). Ex) Loud, annoying noise.

neutral stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

4 Domains of Behavior Analytic Science

1. Radical behaviorism

2. Experimental Analysis of Behavior

3. Applied behavior analysis

4. Practice guided by behavior analysis

Topography

the form or physical nature of a response( what it look like)

function

the effect of the response on the environment( what the result of behavior)

2 MAJOR TYPES OF EXPLANATORY FICTIONS

Mentalistic explanations:

States or traits: She behaves like that because she is...

• Circular reasoning: He threw the ball because he was

angry. He was angry so he threw the ball.

Teleological explanations:

• Future event

• She screams ---so that/in order to--- she can get ipad

time.

ENVIRONMENTAL EXPLANATIONS OF BEHAVIOR

Describe measurable and observable behavior as a

function of the current environment and past

experience!

The cause of the behavior is outside the organism, not

inside the organism.

YES: behavior and consequences that have occurred

NO: inner states of being, labels, future outcomes

"Some Current Dimensions of Applied Behavior Analysis" (Baer, Wolf, & Risley)

- Founding fathers of the new discipline (ABA)

- Defined the criteria for judging adequacy of research & practice in ABA & outlined the scope of work for those in the science

- Most widely cited publication in ABA- Remains standard description of the discipline

JABA

- First journal in U.S. To deal with applied problems & gave researchers using methodology from the experimental analysis of behavior an outlet for publishing their findings- Flagship journal of ABA

6 key components of ABA

1. Guided by attitudes of methods of scientific inquiry

2. All behavior change procedures are described & implemented in a systematic, technological manner

3. Only procedures conceptually derived from the basic principles of behavior are circumscribed by the field

4. Focus is socially significant behavior

5. Seeks to make meaningful improvement in important behavior

6. Seeks to produce an analysis of the factors responsible for improvement

EAB involves

◦Basic research

◦Experiments in laboratory settings with both human participants and non-human subjects

◦Goal of discovering & clarifying fundamental principles of behavior

Psychology in the early 1900's was dominated with the study of....

states of consciousness, images, and other mental processes