History Final

Tenant Farming

system where a farmer rents land from a landowner

Sharecropping

system where a landowner allows someone to use their land in exchange for a portion of the crops produced

Hiram Revels

first black senate position, Mississippi

Scalawags

derogatory term used by white Southern Democrats after the Civil War to describe white Southerners who supported Reconstruction

carpetbaggers

derogatory term for Northerners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era

Ulysses S. Grant

Union army general who became the 18th President of the United States and led Reconstruction efforts.

Impeachment of AJ

violated tenure of office act, but mainly impeached because his efforts against reconstruction/ his magnitude of rejected bills

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

Collectively known as the Reconstruction Amendments, these amendments abolished slavery, granted citizenship and equal protection under the law, and protected voting rights for African American men.

Black Codes

laws enacted in the South after the Civil War to restrict the rights of newly freed African Americans.

Freedmen’s Bureau

A federal agency established in 1865 to aid freed slaves and impoverished people in the South by providing food, housing, education, and employment.

andrew Johnson

succeeded Abraham Lincoln but faced significant challenges during Reconstruction. He implemented a lenient policy towards the South and was later impeached by Congress.

Radical Republicans

Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner, Radical Republicans planned to permanently dismantle the Confederacy, protect formerly enslaved people with federal civil rights

13th Amendment

abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

John Wilkes Booth

was an American actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln during a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. He was a supporter of the Confederacy and opposed Lincoln's policies.

Election of 1864

Incumbent President Abraham Lincoln of the National Union Party easily defeated the Democratic nominee, former General George B. McClellan

Gettysburg Address

is a speech delivered by Abraham Lincoln during the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It emphasized the principles of human equality and the importance of preserving the Union.

Vicksburg

was a significant battle during the American Civil War, where Union forces, led by General Ulysses S. Grant, besieged the Confederate city, ultimately gaining control and splitting the Confederacy in two.

Gettysburg

was a pivotal battle in the American Civil War, fought in July 1863, which marked a turning point in the war in favor of the Union.

Chancellorsville

was a major battle of the American Civil War fought in May 1863. It is known for the Confederate victory led by General Robert E. Lee, who divided his forces to defeat a numerically superior Union army.

Nurses during the war

Prominent figures like Clara Barton and Dorothea Dix organized and improved nursing efforts, significantly impacting battlefield medicine.

Ft. Pillow Massacre

Confederate forces attacked a Union garrison primarily composed of African American soldiers, leading to many deaths and highlighting the brutal treatment of Black troops.

Mass 54th

First ever all black regiment known for their assault on fort Wagner

Conscription

The mandatory enrollment of individuals into military service

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed all slaves in areas of open rebellion, encouraging them to join the union

Ben Butler/Contraband of War Policy

A policy implemented during the Civil War by General Ben Butler that allowed escaped slaves to be considered contraband and thus not returned to their owners.

David Farragut

Admiral in the Union Navy, known for his command during the Battle of New Orleans

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general who commanded the Army of Northern Virginia during the American Civil War.

Shiloh

A significant battle resulting in a strategic victory for Union forces under Generals Ulysses S. Grant

George McClellan

Union general known for organizing the Army of the Potomac and his leadership during the early battles of the Civil War.

Stonewall Jackson

Confederate general who earned his nickname at the First Battle of Bull Run. died during Chancellorsville because one of his own troops shot him

The Battle of Bull Run

was the first major battle of the American Civil War, highlighting the war's brutality and leading to the realization that it would be a long conflict.

Anaconda Plan

A Union strategy aimed at defeating the Confederacy by blockading southern ports and controlling the Mississippi River to control the south

Ft. Sumter

site where the first shots of the American Civil War were fired

Cornerstone Speech

A speech delivered by Confederate Vice President Alexander Stephens, emphasizing the supremacy of white Americans and the justification for slavery as a foundational element of the Confederacy.

Jefferson Davis

The President of the Confederacy during the American Civil War, he led the Southern states in their fight for independence from the Union.

The Confederacy

A group of Southern states that seceded from the Union in 1861, forming their own government and fighting to maintain slavery and states' rights during the American Civil War.

Abraham Lincoln

The 16th President of the United States, he led the nation during the Civil War and worked to preserve the Union and abolish slavery.

Election of 1860

Lincoln received a majority in the Electoral College, with all his Electoral College votes coming from Northern states.

Harper’s Ferry

John Brown led a small band of followers to seize the federal armory, hoping to spark a massive, armed slave insurrection

John Brown

An American abolitionist who believed in and advocated for armed insurrection to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States, particularly known for his raid on Harper's Ferry.

Lincoln/Douglas Debates

A series of seven debates held in 1858, campaign for the Illinois Senate seat, focusing on issues like slavery and state rights.

Dred Scott Case

A landmark Supreme Court case in 1857 where, an enslaved African American, sued for his freedom, leading to a ruling that declared African Americans were not citizens and had no right to sue.

Know-Nothings

A nativist political party that emerged in the 1850s, opposing immigration and promoting anti-Catholic and anti-foreign sentiments, primarily made up of former Whigs and Democrats.

Franklin Pierce

The 14th President of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857. He is known for his support of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which exacerbated tensions over slavery.

Sumner-Brooks Affair

A violent confrontation in 1856 between Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Preston Brooks, where Brooks attacked Sumner in response to a speech he made condemning the pro-slavery movement.

Bleeding Kansas

A series of violent confrontations in Kansas between anti-slavery and pro-slavery factions from 1854 to 1861, stemming from the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Border Ruffians

Groups of pro-slavery activists from Missouri who crossed into Kansas to influence the territory's decision on slavery through violence and intimidation.

Pottawatomie Massacre

A violent event in 1856 led by abolitionist John Brown and his followers, where they killed five pro-slavery settlers in response to tensions in Kansas.

Kansas Nebraska Act

Legislation passed in 1854 that created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, allowing the settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery, leading to violent conflict.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A novel published in 1852 by Harriet Beecher Stowe that depicted the harsh realities of slavery, fueling anti-slavery sentiment in the North and contributing to the abolitionist movement.

Harriet Tubman

An escaped slave who became a prominent abolitionist, known for leading enslaved people to freedom via the Underground Railroad. She played a crucial role in the fight against slavery in the United States.

Underground Railroad

A network of secret routes and safe houses used by enslaved African Americans to escape to free states and Canada during the 19th century, facilitated by abolitionists and allies.

12 Years a Slave

A memoir written by Solomon Northup, an African American man who was kidnapped and sold into slavery, detailing his experiences and the brutality of slave life.

Anthony Burns

An escaped slave who was captured and returned to slavery, leading to significant public outcry and increased support for the abolitionist movement.

Fugitive Slave Act

A law passed in 1850 that required the return of escaped enslaved people to their owners, even if found in free states, intensifying tensions between the North and South.

Millard Fillmore

The 13th President of the United States, serving from 1850 to 1853. He was a member of the Whig Party and is known for his support of the Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Act.

Stephen Douglas

A prominent politician and advocate for the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed for popular sovereignty in determining whether territories would permit slavery.

John C. Calhoun

A U.S. Senator from South Carolina and prominent defender of states' rights and slavery. He played a significant role in the development of the Compromise of 1850.

Daniel Webster

A U.S. Senator and statesman from Massachusetts known for his ability to negotiate compromises on issues such as the Compromise of 1850 and for his strong advocacy for the Union.

Henry Clay

A U.S. Senator and statesman known as the "Great Compromiser" for his role in the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850, helping to navigate key issues between the North and South.

Compromise of 1850

A series of legislative measures aimed at easing tensions between slave and free states, which included provisions such as California's admission as a free state and the strengthening of the Fugitive Slave Act.

Wilmot Proviso

A proposed amendment aimed at banning slavery in territories acquired from Mexico during the Mexican-American War, it heightened sectional tensions between the North and South.

KKK

A white supremacist group founded in the aftermath of the Civil War, known for its promotion of racism, violence, and intimidation against African Americans and their allies.

Jim crow

laws enacted in the southern United States that enforced racial segregation of African Americans from the late 19th century until the civil rights movement.

Election of 1876

The Republican ticket of Governor Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio and House Representative William A. Wheeler of New York very narrowly defeated the Democratic ticket of Governor Samuel J. Tilden of New York and Governor Thomas A.

Compromise of 1877

An unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 presidential election, resulting in Rutherford B. Hayes becoming president in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction.

Segregation

The enforced separation of different racial groups in various aspects of life, including education, housing, and public facilities.

Lynching

The unlawful killing of an individual, often by a mob, typically associated with racial violence and oppression, particularly targeting African Americans in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Laissez-Faire

An economic theory advocating minimal government intervention in the marketplace, allowing individuals to operate freely and make their own economic decisions.

Thomas Edison

Known for his work in inventing and experimenting with electricity and the lightbulb

Bessemer Process

An industrial process for the mass production of steel by blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities, revolutionizing the steel industry in the late 19th century.

Transcontinental Railroad

A railroad that connects the eastern and western coasts of the United States, completed in 1869. It facilitated westward expansion and significantly impacted trade and travel. made by the Irish and Chinese immigrants

Social Darwinism

A theoretical framework that applies Darwin's theory of natural selection to human societies, suggesting that social progress occurs through the survival of the fittest individuals or groups.

Robber Barons

Wealthy and powerful industrialists in the late 19th century who were often accused of exploiting labor and engaging in unethical business practices.

Andrew Carnegie

A leading industrialist in the steel industry during the late 19th century, known for his significant philanthropic efforts and proponent of the "Gospel of Wealth."

Jay Gould

A notorious American railroad financier in the late 19th century, known for his ruthless business tactics and manipulation of stock prices, particularly in the railroads and telegraph industries.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A prominent American businessman and financier in the 19th century, known for consolidating the railroad industry and creating a shipping empire.

John D. Rockefeller

An influential American businessman and philanthropist, he founded the Standard Oil Company

Monopoly

occurs when a single company or entity dominates a market, eliminating competition and controlling prices.

Trust

a combination of firms or corporations formed to reduce competition and control prices in a market.

Urbanization

the process by which cities grow as populations move from rural to urban areas.

Tenements

poorly built, overcrowded housing units typically found in urban areas, often occupied by immigrants and low-income families.

Unions

organizations formed by workers to protect their rights and interests, typically through collective bargaining.

Ellis Island

a historic immigration station in New York Harbor where millions of immigrants were processed between 1892 and 1954.

Angel Island

a historic immigration station located in San Francisco Bay, primarily processing Asian immigrants from 1910 to 1940. However was known for its harsh detention conditions and lengthy processing times, often leading to extensive interrogations and delays.

Melting Pot

a term used to describe a society where diverse cultural backgrounds blend together to form a cohesive community, particularly in the context of American immigration.

Nativism

the policy of favoring native-born inhabitants over immigrants, often leading to discrimination and opposition against immigrant populations.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Due to the influx of immigration white American workers felt threatened by competition for jobs, leading to legislation that prohibited Chinese labor immigration in 1882.

Political Machine

a political organization in which an authoritative boss or small group commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses, often characterized by patronage and corruption.

Boss Tweed/Tammany Hall

A corrupt political boss and leader of the Tammany Hall political machine in New York City during the 19th century, known for his influence over local politics and involvement in graft and bribery.

Carlisle Schools

A system of boarding schools established in the late 19th century aimed at assimilating Native American children into American culture, often through harsh disciplinary methods and erasure of indigenous identities.

Native American Plains Wars

Conflicts between Native American tribes and US settlers during the 19th century, primarily over land and resources. These wars included significant battles such as the Battle of Little Bighorn and the Red River War.

Native American Reservations

Areas of land designated for Native American tribes, intended to provide them with a degree of autonomy but often resulting in limited resources and opportunities.

YMCA

a group dedicated to providing safe housing for families and promoting physical, mental, and spiritual well-being through various programs and activities.

Salvation Army

A charitable organization founded in 1865, promoting social reform, providing humanitarian aid, and addressing poverty during the Progressive Era through services like shelters, soup kitchens, and community programs.

Hull House

A settlement house founded in 1889 by Jane Addams in Chicago, focused on providing social services and education to immigrants and the urban poor, promoting social reform and community development.

Temperance 

a social movement aimed at reducing or eliminating alcohol consumption, promoting sobriety, and advocating for safer communities. Anti-domestic violence

Carry Nation

was a prominent figure in the temperance movement known for her radical actions against saloons, including using a hatchet to destroy alcohol supplies. She advocated for Prohibition and women's rights.

Muckrakers

journalists in the early 20th century who exposed corruption, social injustices, and abuses in politics and business, spurring reform movements.

Ida Tarbell

was a leading muckraker known for her investigative journalism, particularly her work exposing the monopolistic practices of Standard Oil and its founder, John D. Rockefeller.