Genitourinary and Renal

kidneys, arteries, veins, ureters, bladder, urethra

genitourinary system anatomy includes 2 _____ with renal _____/_____, 2 _____, 1 bladder, and 1 _____

regulation, fluid, electrolyte balance, acid base balance, arterial blood pressure, excretion, metabolic waste, foreign, secretion, hormones, synthesizing, vitamin d

renal system functions include _____ of _____/_____, _____, and _____, _____ of _____ products or _____ chemicals, _____ of _____, and _____ active form of _____

input, output, match

fluid _____ and _____ need to _____

filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion

phases of urine formation (4)

electrolytes, filtered, excrete, acidic, basic

many _____ are continuously _____ in kidneys, kidneys then _____ either _____ or _____ urine

BP, baroreceptors, renin, angiotensin II, vasoconstriction, aldosterone, sodium reabsorption, water reabsorption, intravascular volume, BP

renin angiotensin system decreased _____ = _____ stimulate release of _____ by kidneys results in formation of _____ causing _____, causes release of _____ from adrenal cortex increases _____ in kidneys increases _____ increases _____ increases _____

water loss, blood volume, pressure, ADH, pituitary gland, water reabsorption

excessive _____ or reduced _____/_____ = increased _____ (vasopressin) secretion from _____ = increased _____ in kidneys

ACE inhibitors, ARBs

_____ and _____ cardiac medications are related to renin angiotensin system

absorption, inhalation, cellular reactions, urea, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin, metabolites, drugs

waste substances are generated from _____, _____, or _____ include _____ (amino acid metabolism), _____ (muscle metabolism), _____ (nucleic acids), _____ (RBCs), _____/suspended solids (cells, bacteria, hormones), and _____/chemicals

erythropoietin, oxygenation, RBC count, hypoxia

_____ secreted from kidneys to stimulate RBC formation when decreased _____, low _____, and tissue _____

I/Os, urinalysis, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, hemoglobin, hematocrit, potassium

kidney function is examined by measurement of _____, _____, _____ (10-20 mg/dl), plasma/serum _____ (0.5-1.2 mg/dl), _____/_____, and _____

mismatch, plasma, vessels, leak, intestitium, edema, fluid overload

_____ in I/Os = _____ in _____ = _____ to _____ (third space) = _____ = _____

GFR, pressure, imaging, biopsy

kidney function evaluated by estimated _____ (>60), urodynamic _____, _____, and tissue _____

<3 months

acute kidney disease includes abnormalities of kidney function present for _____

rapid deterioration, rise, serum creatinine, BUN, decreased urine output, hours, 7 days, nutrition

AKI is _____ in renal function that results in _____ in _____ or _____ with or without _____ occurring over _____ or within _____ (without _____ change)

hydration, flushing, blood flow

_____ is good for _____ kidneys (= _____)

decreased blood flow, decreased cardiac output, abdominal aorta, renal arteries

prerenal AKI = _____ to renal system, etiology mainly from _____, dysfunction from _____ to _____

primary damage, infection, atheroembolic, hypertension, toxic, transfusion reaction

intrinsic renal AKI = _____ to the kidneys, possibly from _____, _____ disease, malignant _____, _____ substances, and blood _____

distal obstruction, urinary tract obstruction, compression

postrenal AKI = _____ to kidneys generally caused by acute _____ (ureter stone or external _____ = tumor or edema)

progressive, increase, serum creatinine, decrease, urine output, renal replacement therapy

AKI has _____ stages based on _____ in _____, _____ in _____, and initiation of _____

hypovolemic, malaise, anemia, nausea, vomiting, mental status, loss, acid base, peripheral, pulmonary, pleural, cardiomegaly, hepatic

AKI manifestations and complications include _____ symptoms (thirst, altered blood pressure, decreased urine output), _____, _____, _____/_____, altered _____, weight _____, _____ imbalance, _____/_____ edema, _____ effusion, _____, and _____ congestion

volume, interstitium, EPO, oxygen, electrolytes, perfusion, protein, appetite, preload, workload

AKI complications from decreased blood _____ (in _____), decreased _____ = decreased _____ and _____ = decreased _____, decreased _____ processing = decreased _____, increased _____ = increased heart _____

treatable, hemodynamics, fluid, electrolyte, primary, antimicrobial, nephrotoxic, transfusions, nutritional, renal replacement

AKI should be _____, management strategy includes optimizing _____ and _____/_____ status, treat _____ etiology, possible _____ therapy, remove _____ agents, blood _____, _____ support, and _____ therapy

acute, chronic, slow, insidious

_____ can develop into _____ kidney or may have _____/_____ onset

irreversible reduction, slow, insidious destruction, 3 months, implications, GFR, albuminurea

CKD is _____ in renal function from ____ and _____ to nephrons, abnormalities of kidneys present for minimum of _____ with _____ for health, decreased kidney function as measured by _____ (<60) or presence of _____ (>30)

primary, systemic, hypertension, diabetes, autoimmune

etiology is _____ renal disease vs _____ diseases (_____, _____, _____ disorders)

progressive, GFR, albumin, urine, kidney failure, end stage renal disease, dialysis, awaiting transplant

CKD has _____ classification based on severity measured by _____ and level of _____ in _____, final stage is _____ = _____ (on _____ or _____)

fatigue, dry, anemia, acidosis, dyspnea, hypertension, nausea, vomiting, bone, calcification, osteoporosis, fracture, memory, seizure, tremor

CKD systemic manifestations include _____ and decreased alertness, pallor and _____ skin, _____, metabolic _____, _____ and wet crackles, _____, _____/_____, _____ pain, extraosseous _____, osteomalacia/_____, pathologic _____, _____ loss and _____ and muscle _____

dehydration, vitamin d, calcium, bone, electrolytes, calcium

CKD manifestations from _____, decreased _____ = _____ NOT in _____, decreased _____ and _____

slow, progression, underlying, fluid, electrolyte, blood, nutritional

conservative CKD management includes _____ disease _____ and treat _____ disease, balance _____/_____/_____ products, and _____ adjustments

dialysis, continuous renal replacement therapy, transplantation

renal replacement includes _____ (peritoneal, intermittent hemodialysis), _____, and _____

positioning, movement

consider _____ to tolerate fluid _____

pressure, force, damage, filtration, fluid, cardiac output, blood pressure

hypertension = increased renal vessel _____ (increased _____ through vessel) = renal _____ = altered _____ = CKD

CKD = increased _____ = increased _____ = increased _____

preload, cardiomegaly, contraction, LV pumping, blood flow, perfusion, failure

CKD = increased _____ = _____ = decreased _____ = CHF

CHF = decreased _____ = decreased renal _____ = decreased _____ = renal _____ = CKD