GCSE Biology Higher Tier Paper 1H Review (June 2023)

Vocabulary flashcards based on the June 2023 GCSE Biology Higher Tier exam, covering plant physiology, human circulation, pathogens, drug development, and bioenergetics.

Stem cells (Plants)

Cells found in the tissue of a plant root tip that can differentiate into any type of cell.

Chemical A

A substance extracted from the deadly nightshade plant that can be used as a painkiller, found in roots, leaves, and berries.

Chlorosis

A condition in plants, such as the deadly nightshade, resulting in yellow leaves and a reduction in the mass of specific chemicals found within them.

Clinical trials

Large-scale tests conducted on drugs before they are approved for public use to ensure they are safe and effective.

Peer review

The process scientists use to validate claims about new drugs by having them reviewed by other experts before publication.

Pacemaker

A group of cells found in the right atrium of the heart that controls the resting heart rate.

Coronary heart disease

A condition where a build-up of fatty material causes a blockage or narrowing of the coronary arteries, reducing blood flow.

Salmonella

A type of bacteria that causes food poisoning in humans with symptoms including vomiting and diarrhoea.

Antibiotics

Medicines used to kill bacteria inside the human body; some work by damaging the bacterial cell wall, causing the cells to burst.

Aseptic techniques

Specific procedures used by scientists during investigations to prevent contamination when working with bacteria.

Incubation temperatures

Scientists incubate bacteria at $37\,^{\circ}\text{C}$, while students in school laboratories must use $25\,^{\circ}\text{C}$.

Anaerobic respiration

A process that occurs in the body during vigorous exercise when oxygen supply is limited.

Anabolic steroids

Drugs used to increase muscle mass in humans, often banned in competitive sports because they improve performance.

Hybridoma

A cell created by combining a mouse lymphocyte and a tumour cell, used to produce monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibody

An antibody produced from a single clone of cells that is specific to only one substance, such as an anabolic steroid.

Pathogen vector

An organism, such as a mosquito, that passes a pathogen like the malarial protist from one person to another person.

Malarial protist

A eukaryotic cell that causes tiredness by entering and bursting red blood cells and reproduces both sexually and asexually.

Mitosis

A process of cell division that requires the synthesis of new DNA bases.

Photosynthesis Symbol Equation

The chemical process represented by the equation $6CO_2 + 6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2$.

Independent variable (Leaf disc experiment)

The factor being changed in the investigation, specifically the colour of light shining on the leaf discs.

Dependent variable (Leaf disc experiment)

The factor being measured, specifically the time taken for 10 leaf discs to reach the surface of the solution in seconds.

Sodium hydrogencarbonate ($NaHCO_3$) solution

A solution used in photosynthesis experiments to provide carbon dioxide to plant tissues like leaf discs.