Thermal physics P2

Kinetic particle model of matter

Model that simulates matter with moving particles 🏃♂️ ⚛️ 🔬 🧪 ✨

Attractive forces

Forces between particles that is used to hold particles together this force vary by the state of matter 🧲 🤝 🔗 ⚛️ 💪

Brownian motion

State that molecules move randomly due to collision with fluid with higher mass particle moved by lighter faster moving molecules 💨 🌊 🏃♂️ 💥 🌀

Changes of state

melting evaporation boiling condensing freezing solidifying Sublimation decomposition 🧊 💧 ☁️ 🔥 ❄️ 🔄

Heating curve graph from image

A graph showing temperature over time where changes of state like melting and boiling happen at a constant temperature forming flat horizontal lines 📈 🌡️ ⏱️ 🧊 💧 ☁️

Melting point from image

The constant temperature where a solid turns into a liquid 🌡️ 🧊 💧 ↔️

Boiling point from image

The constant temperature where a liquid turns into a gas 🌡️ 💧 ☁️ ↔️

Pressure

force exerted by particle colliding with the surface inside a container 💥 📦 🎈 💨 🎯

Affect of heat on gas pressure

Heat increase Pressure increase 🔥 📈 💥 📈 🎈

Gas Pressure and Volume

Volume decrease Pressure increase 📦 📉 💥 📈 🎯

Expansion causes

When an object is heated and temperature increase it expands because 🌡️ 📈 ↔️ 🔥 🎈

Solid

fixed shape fixed volume 🧊 📦 🛑 🧱

Solid particle arrangement from image

Particles are closely packed in a regular arrangement vibrating about fixed positions 🧊 🧱 📳 🧍♂️ 🔒

Liquid

fixed volume no fixed shape 💧 🌊 🥛 🚰

Liquid particle arrangement from image

Particles are closely packed in an irregular arrangement able to slide past each other 💧 🏊♂️ 🌊 🔀 🔄

Gas

no fixed shape no fixed volume ☁️ 🎈 💨 🌬️

Gas particle arrangement from image

Particles are far apart in an irregular arrangement moving freely and randomly ☁️ 🏃♂️ 💨 🚀 🌌

Evaporation

Particles of water are always moving Some particles move faster and have higher energy than other This allows them to escape from water surface as water vapor This decreases overall K E 💧 ☀️ ☁️ 🏃♂️ ⬇️

Factors that effect evaporation

Temperature Surface area Wind 🌡️ 📏 💨 🌬️ ☀️

Similarity with boiling

Liquid Gas 💧 ☁️ 🤝 🔄

Difference with boilling

Evaporation happens at an boiling point Evaporation happens at the liquid surface only 🛑 💧 🔝 🌊

Thermal expansion

The increase in volume of material when temp increases 🌡️ 📈 📦 ↔️ 🔥

Transfer of thermal energy 🌡️ ➡️ 🏃♂️ 🔥

Thermal Conduction

Transfer of thermal energy by the vibration of molecules 🔥 📳 ⚛️ 🤝 ⛓️

Thermal conductor

A substance that conducts thermal energy 🔥 ⚡ 🔌 ✨

Thermal insulator

A substance that conducts very little thermal energy 🛑 🔥 🛡️ ❄️

Thermal conduction in metal

In metal Thermal conduction happens through delocalised electron and do most of the energy transfer throughout the rod ⚡ 🏃♂️ 🔗 🔥 🏗️

Thermal conduction in non metal

In non metal thermal vibration happens through tightly bound vibrations between atoms atoms heated vibrate vigorously with neighbouring atoms 🔥 📳 🤝 🧱 💥

Convection

Transfer of energy through a material by the material itself specifically in a fluid where a convection current formed 🌊 🔄 🔥 ⬆️ 🌀

Fluid

A substance which can flow 💧 🌊 🌬️ 💦

Note for convection in fluid answer

Note that the fluid decrease in density because they are further apart in the part heat is applied as they move faster the part of that fluid actually rises 🎈 ⬆️ 🔥 🏃♂️ ☁️

Radiation

Energy transfer through electromagnetic waves that is in the electromagnetic spectrum with different wavelengths which travel at the same speed ☀️ 〰️ 🚀 ⚡ 🌈

Infrared radiation

Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength greater than visible light 🔴 〰️ 👁️ 🔦 🔥

Factors that affect radiation

Temperature Surface area 🌡️ 📏 ☀️ 🎯

Radiation Black

Absorption level Good Emitting level Good ⬛ 🧽 ☀️ 👍

Radiation Dull black

Absorption level Resonable Emitting level Resonable 🎱 🧽 ☀️ 🆗

Radiation White

Absorption level Poor Emitting level Poor ⚪ 🛑 ☀️ 👎

Radiation Shiny

Absorption level Reflector very poor Emitting level Reflector very poor ✨ 🪞 🛑 ☀️ 🛡️