bio EOC review

Independent Variable (IV)

The factor you change in an experiment, plotted on the X-axis.

Dependent Variable (DV)

The factor you measure in an experiment, plotted on the Y-axis.

Experimental Group

The group in an experiment that receives the independent variable.

Control Group

The group that does not receive the independent variable, used for comparison.

Qualitative Data

Descriptive data that can include characteristics such as color or smell.

Quantitative Data

Numerical data that can be measured, such as height or weight.

Scientific Method Steps

1. Observation, 2. Hypothesis, 3. Experiment, 4. Data Collection, 5. Analysis, 6. Conclusion.

Theory vs. Law

A Theory explains why something happens; a Law describes what happens consistently.

Total Magnification

Calculated by multiplying the eyepiece magnification by the objective lens magnification.

Light Microscope

Uses light and lenses to view specimens, can view living things.

Electron Microscope

Uses electron beams for much higher magnification but requires dead specimens.

Energy Transfer in Ecosystems

Energy flows in one direction: Sun -> Producer -> Consumer; only 10% is passed to the next level.

Mutualism

A relationship where both species benefit (+/+).

Commensalism

A relationship where one species benefits while the other is unaffected (+/0).

Parasitism

A relationship where one species benefits at the expense of the other (+/-).

Innate Behaviors

Instinctual behaviors such as suckling or hibernation.

Learned Behaviors

Behaviors acquired through experience, like imprinting or classical conditioning.

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons.

Polar Molecule

A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge, such as water.

Carbohydrates

Biomolecules that serve as energy sources; subunit is monosaccharides.

Lipids

Biomolecules that provide long-term energy and structure; subunits are fatty acids and glycerol.

Proteins

Biomolecules that play a role in structure and function; subunit is amino acids.

Nucleic Acids

Biomolecules that store and transmit genetic information; subunit is nucleotides.

Enzymes

Proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.

Mitochondria

Organelles that serve as the powerhouse of the cell, producing ATP through respiration.

Chloroplast

Organelles found in plants that perform photosynthesis.

Passive Transport

Movement of substances across a membrane without the use of energy.

Active Transport

Movement of substances across a membrane using energy (ATP), typically against a concentration gradient.

Photosynthesis Chemical Equation

6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Cell Division - Mitosis

The process that creates two identical diploid daughter cells for growth and repair.

Cell Division - Meiosis

The process that creates four unique haploid gametes for sexual reproduction.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism (e.g., Tt).

Phenotype

The physical appearance or observable characteristics of an organism.

Homozygous

An organism with two identical alleles for a trait (e.g., TT or tt).

Heterozygous

An organism with two different alleles for a trait (e.g., Tt).

Blood Type A

Genotypes I^AI^A or I^Ai.

Transgenic Organisms

Organisms that contain DNA from another species.

Natural Selection

The process where organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Homologous Structures

Similar structures in different species indicating a common ancestor.

Vestigial Structures

Body parts that have lost their original function (e.g., whale pelvic bones).

Speciation

The formation of new and distinct species.

Geographic Isolation

Separation of populations due to geographic barriers, leading to speciation.

Classification Hierarchy

Domain -> Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species.