APES vocab -- exam review assignment

1 point for every 5 terms (max 15 pts) yayyy

unit 1— climate

the average weather that occurs in a given region over a long period of time

unit 1— weather

short-term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area (temp, clouds, wind, precipitation, etc)

unit 1— symbiosis

two species living in a close and long-term association with each other in an ecosystem

unit 1— biosphere

the region of our planet where life resides (combination of all of earth’s ecosystems)

unit 1— competitive exclusion principle

says that two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist (one must go extinct)

unit 1— parasitoid VS parasitism

a type of predator (that lays eggs inside another organism, the host) / a type of species interaction (where one organism lives on/in another)

unit 1— commensalism

interaction b/w 2 species where one benefits and the other is not harmed or helped (😊+😐)

unit 1— exotic/alien species VS invasive species

a species living outside its historical range (were introduced to a new area) / a species that spreads rapidly across large areas and causes harm

unit 1— biome VS habitat

the organisms that are found in a particular region of the world / an area where a particular species lives (both: land or water)

unit 1— littoral zone

shallow zone in lakes/ponds; soil, water, most algae and emerging plants (cattails)

unit 1— limnetic zone

open water in lakes/ponds, the deepest zone sunlight can reach; only phytoplankton is found here

unit 1— profundal zone

sunlight cannot reach this zone

unit 1— benthic zone

the muddy bottom of a lake/pond/ocean

unit 1— oligotrophic VS mesotrophic

lakes w little phytoplankton bc of little nutrients (low fertility) / lakes w a moderate level of fertility

unit 1— estuary

area along the coast where fresh water (rivers) mixes with salt water (ocean)

unit 1— intertidal zone

narrow band of coastline; exists b/w high and low tide

unit 1— coral reef

diverse marine biome; warm, shallow waters

unit 1— open ocean

area of deep-ocean water, sunlight cannot reach the bottom

unit 1— photic zone VS aphotic zone

upper layer of ocean water that gets enough sunlight for photosynthesis / deeper layer of ocean that doesn’t get enough sunlight for photosynthesis

unit 1— chemosynthesis

some bacteria use this process to generate energy w methane and hydrogen sulfide (w/o sunlight— in aphotic zones)

unit 1— biogeochemical cycle

movement of matter w/in and b/w ecosystems; involves biological, geological, and chemical processes (reservoirs=components of the cycle that contain the matter (inc. air, water, animals))

unit 1— ecological efficiency

proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another (10% rule: overall, only around 10% of biomass is converted into energy)

unit 1— different biomes

biomes are big ecosystem types, large regions of similar climate and plant communities, named based on climate and community

unit 1— different interactions b/w species

unit 1— ecotone VS landscape ecology

boundary zone blending two ecosystems (high in diversity; can be dynamic aka unclear… like tidal zones) / how ecosystems interact (study of)

unit 1— photosynthesis VS cellular respiration (equations)

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + sunlight —> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ —> 6CO₂ + H₂O + ATP (energy)

unit 1— layers of the atmosphere (closest to farthest)

Troposphere (weather; gets colder), Stratosphere (good ozone; gets warmer), Mesosphere (gets colder), Thermosphere (auroras; gets really warm really fast), Exosphere (very warm)

unit 2— allopatric speciation VS sympatric speciation

a geographic isolation causes a new species to evolve that can’t produce offspring w the original species / a new species evolves from another older species in the name region via reproductive isolation

unit 2— fundamental niche VS realized niche

an organism’s niche (role; attributions) w/o limiting factors (predators, habitat challenges, food supply, etc) / an organism’s realistic niche; competitor species and limited resources included

unit 2— resistance VS resilience

measure of how much a disruption affects the energy/matter flow / rate at which an ecosystem can return to it’s original state after a disruption

unit 2— why Madagascar, a biodiversity hotspot, has a lot of endemic (only found there) species

genetic isolation, (stable) climate, habitat diversity

unit 3— k-selected species VS r-selected species

have few offspring that they take good care of and often live a long time VS have many offspring and do not provide much care, significant mortality rate

unit 3— overshoot and die-off

when a population increases too rapidly and surpasses carrying capacity, then a bunch die bc limited resources and dip below carrying capacity

unit 3— type I VS II VS III survivorship curve

individuals live a long time (k-selected) / population decreases consistently (linear) / many die at a young age but those who survive, survive a long time (r-selected)

unit 3— example of a density dependent factor

disease

unit 3— J curve VS S curve

exponential growth of a population / logistic growth of a population; initially exponential but slows then reaches carrying capacity (K)

unit 3— equation for population growth rate

((CBR + immigration) - (CDR + emigration)) / 10

unit 3— equation for environmental impact

Impact = Population x Affluence x Technology (pop has biggest effect)

unit 10— pros and cons of geothermal energy

P: renewable and non-depleting, no greenhouse gas emissions, no intermittency

C: very site-specific, minor sulfur emissions

unit 10— pros and cons of wind energy

P: renewable and non-depleting

C: kills birds/bats, intermittency, site-specific

unit 10— pros and cons of solar energy

P: renewable and non-depleting, no emissions, abundant materials and have few parts

C: intermittency, 20% efficient, small radius for storage and transport of electricity, construction can release toxic chemicals

unit 9— pros and cons of nuclear energy

P: fewer emissions (no carbon output) [[[[tehre’s gotta be more man

C: depletable, storage/disposal of radioactive waste, thermal pollution, upfront costs, accidents are very dangerous

unit 12— pros and cons of landfills

P: convenient, toxic waste in contained, better than unregulated dumping

C:

unit 12— pros and cons of incineration

P:

C:

unit 12— pros and cons of recycling

P:

C:

tidal energy VS hydroelectricity

uh hyd offers flood portection

active solar E VS passive solar E

capture energy from sunlight (via pump/photovoltaic cell) to generate electricity / lower electricity usage strategically; mechanical devices (like fans), south-facing windows, tree placement, roof design, certain building materials

unit 9— energy VS power

ability to do work (joules) / rate at which work is done (Watts aka joules per second)

unit 9— equation for energy

E = P x t

unit 9— kilowatt hours

a unit of energy

unit 9— an energy source that does not originate from solar (3 options)

nuclear, geothermal, tidal

unit 8 and 9— EROEI (Energy Return on Energy Investment) VS Energy Subsidy

E_out / E_in ^/ E_in / E_out

unit 9— coal (formation, use, reserve locations, drawbacks)

old forests; electricity generation (heat, steam turbine, scrubbers); US, Russia, China, Australia, India;

unit 9— natural gas (formation, use, reserve locations, drawbacks)

g THEYRE PLAYING MY SONG! RIO RIO O O RIO RIO RIO RIO O!

unit 9— petroleum (formation, use, reserve locations, drawbacks)

p

process of wastewater treatment

Bar screening (remove large items), screening/grit removal, primary clarifier (separates organic matter), aeration (air is added to convert NH3 to NO3 and provide oxygen for bacteria), secondary clarifier (remaining organic matter settles and separate), chlorination/disinfection (kills bacteria), analysis/testing (pH, DO, and other chemicals), effluent disposal (clean water is reintroduced to environment)