PESS 101: Chapters 9-16 Practice Questions

Chain of Infection

- Modes of Transmission

- Portals of Entry

- Susceptible Host

- Infectious Agent

- Reservoirs

- Portals of Exit

Viruses

- Tough, tiny pathogens

- Smaller than bacteria or fungi

- Unable to reproduce on their own, so they must invade a living cell to reproduce

- The infected cell dies, but before it dies, it releases new viruses that enter other cells

- Do not always kill the cells they infect, but alter the cell's function

Bacteria

- Simple, one-celled organisms

- Complex compared to viruses because they can make copies of themselves (DNA) and contain ribosomes, so they can reproduce

- Some have flagella so they can move

- Most plentiful microorganisms and most pathogenic

- Most don't cause disease, but can cause problems

Fungi

- Eukaryotic organisms that come in many shapes and sizes

- Can be single-celled or long chains of cells

- Can spread by reproductive spores or by growing threadlike fibres

- Absorb nutrients from organic material, which may include human tissue

- Can be helpful (e.g., make antibiotics)

Protozoa

- Single-celled, microscopic organisms

- Release enzymes and toxins that destroy cells or interfere with their function

- Not a major health problem in Canada because of public health measures

- Treatment consists of general medical care to relieve the symptoms, replacement of lost blood or fluids, and drugs that kill the specific protozoan

Helminths

Small parasitic worms that attack specific tissues or organs and compete with the host for nutrients

Reservoir

A place where an infectious agent can live, grow, and multiply

Vector-borne Transmission

Disease transmitted to a human from an insect or animal

Direct Contact

Body surface to body surface

Indirect Contact

Contact of a susceptible host with hands or objects that are contaminated

Droplet Contact

Spread by nasal, oral, or conjunctival mucosa that comes into contact with large droplets containing germs from another infected person close by (sneeze, cough)

Airborne Transmission

Droplets containing germs that are suspended in the air or dust

Common Vehicle Transmission

Contact with contaminated food, water, or medications

Incubation Period

Time between the invasion and the first symptom

Prodroal Period

- As infected cells die, they release chemicals that help block the invasion

- Highly contagious

Recovery

Begins when body's forces gain the advantage

Immunity

- Protection from health threats

- Skin keeps out most invades

- Tears, sweat, skin, oils, salvia, and mucus contain chemicals that can kill bacteria

- Ilia move mucus, which traps inhaled bacteria, and send it to the back of the throat, where it is swallowed

- Digestive system destroys invaders

Humoral Immunity

Protection provided by antibodies

Antibody

Proteins derived from white blood cells (B cells)

Antigen

Any substance that enters the body and triggers the production of an antibody

Cell-mediated Immunity

Provided by T cells and protects against parasites, fungi, cancer cells, or foreign tissue

Lymph Nodes

Are where protective tissues are stored

Inflammation

Redness, swelling, local warmth, and pain

Common Cold

Acute, self-limiting, and highly contagious viral infection of the upper respiratory tract.

Influenza

Flu virus

Pandemic Flu

Any virulent flu that causes a global outbreak of serious illness

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver, usually caused by a viral infection, that causes fever, loss of appetite, jaundice, fatigue, and altered liver function.

Mononucleosis

A viral disease spread by kissing or any form of close contact, which includes symptoms such as sore throat, headache, fever, nausea, and prolonged weakness, swollen spleen, and enlarged lymph nodes

The "Superbug" Threat: MRSA

- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSRA) is a "superbug" that fights off traditional antibiotics

- Major health threat

- One-third of healthy people carry S. aureus on their skin, but for infection to occur, MRSA must enter the body through a break in the skin

- MRSA infections highest in hospitals and health-care facilities

- Spreads by touch

Bioterror Threats

Anthrax, Smallpox, Botulism, Tularemia.

Anthrax

Bacteria found in the wild and farm animals; also produced in a lab

Smallpox

Serious, contagious, sometimes fatal infectious disease

Botulism

- Causes muscle weakness and eventual paralysis that starts at the top of the body and works its way down

- Kills by paralyzing the muscles used to breathe

Tularaemia

Normally infects wild animals

Cardiovascular Disease

Any disease affect the structure and function of the heart and cardiovascular system. (number 1 cause of death)

How the heart works

- Arteries and veins supply blood to the heart and all other organs

- Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava bring deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium

- The pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

- The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

- Oxygen-rich blood passes from the left ventricle through the aorta to all parts of the body

4 Chambers in the Heart

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

Systole

Contraction of the ventricles

Diastole

Relaxation of the ventricles

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Sends an impulse that causes cardiac muscle tissue in the atrium to contract

Myocardium

Consists of branching fibers that enable the heart to contract or beat

Pericardium

Surrounds the myocardium and allows the heart muscle to move freely

Endocardium

Smooth membrane lining the inside of the heart and its valves

Arterioscleriosis

Impairment of blood flow through the blood vessels

and a leading cause of heart attacks and strokes

Atherosclerosis

A specific type of arteriosclerosis; plaque builds up on the artery walls, narrows the channels, and restricts blood flow

Risk Factors of Atherosclerosis

High blood pressure, high blood fats and cholesterol, cigarette smoking, diabetes, and family history

Coronary Heart Disease

Refers specifically to problems with the coronary arteries, which provide blood circulation to the heart muscle

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

- Medical term for a heart attack

- Symptoms include chest pain, nausea, and shortness of breath

Right lymphatic duct

Drains the right upper portion of the body

Thoracic Duct

Drains most of body

Tonsils

Defense against bacteria and other foreign agents

Thymus Gland

Site where certain while blood cells acquire the means to chemically recognize specific foreign invaders

Spleen

Site where antibodies are manufactured, disposal site for old red blood cells and foreign debris; site of red blood cell formation in the embryo

Bone Marrow

Marrow in some bones serves as a production site for infection-fighting blood cells (as well as red blood cells and platelets)

High Blood Pressure (Hypertension)

Occurs when artery walls become constricted, and the force exerted as the blood flows through them is greater than it should be

High Blood Pressure levels

140/90

Consequences of High Blood Pressure

- Eye damage

- Heart damage

- Damage to artery walls

- Stroke

- Kidney failure

Stroke

Occurs when the blood supply to a portion of the brain is blocked

Ischemic Stroke

Result of a blockage that disrupts blood flow to the brain

Hemorrhagic stroke

Occurs when a blood vessel ruptures

Cerebral Thrombosis (thrombotic stroke)

Blood clot

Cerebral Embolism (embolism stroke)

A wandering blood clot is carried in the bloodstream and becomes wedged in one of the cerebral arteries

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A mini-stroke caused by a temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain, which can last from 30 seconds to 10 minutes, but can last up to 24 hours

Warning Signs of a stroke

- Drooping face

- Inability to raise both arms

- Slurred or jumbled speech

- Time (call 911 immediately

Metabolic Syndrome

A cluster of medical abnormalities that increases the risk of heart disease and diabetes

Risk for diabetes and heart disease with

- A high amount of fat around the waist

- High levels of triglycerides

- Low levels of HDL

- High blood pressure

- High blood glucose

Cancer

Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells; DNA within the nucleus is altered, and the cell goes out of control

Neoplasms

New formation or tumors

Carcinoma

A malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue

Sarcoma

Malignant tumor of connective tissue

Leukemia

Blood condition of white cells; malignant (cancerous) condition. Blood-forming tissue

Lymphoma

Malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue

TMN

- The most common staging system of tumors

- T: Size of the primary tumor

- N: Whether cancer cells have spread to lymph nodes, other tissues, or organs close to the primary tumor

- M: Metastasis to other parts of the body

4 Stages of TMN

- Stage 0: Atypical cells present but not localized

- Stage 1: Tumor has not grown outside the organ in which it began

- Stage 2, 3: Disease is progressively more extensive

- Stage 4: Cancer has spread to other tissues or organs located further away from the original site

Lumpectomy

Removes only the cancerous tissue and a surrounding margin of normal tissue

Mastectomy

Removal of the entire breast and some of the underarm lymph nodes

Risk Factors you can control for cancer

- Possible carcinogens (cancer-causing chemicals)

- Early detection

- Cancer-smart nutrition (high in antioxidant-rich fruits and vegetables)

- Tobacco smoke

- Physical activity

Diabetes Mellitus

A group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

Type 1 Diabetes

The pancreas does not produce insulin

Type 2 Diabetes

The pancreas does not produce sufficient insulin to meet the body's needs, or does not properly use the insulin it does make

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

A temporary condition that occurs during pregnancy

Blood Glucose

The amount of sugar in your blood at any particular time

Type 1 Diabetes Treatment

Daily dose of insulin

Type 2 Diabetes Treatment

Controlled through a well-balanced diet, exercise, and weight management

Drug

Any substance that is taken to change the way you feel and function

Drug Misuse

Taking of a drug for a purpose or by a person other than that for which it was medically intended

Drug Abuse

Excessive drug use that is inconsistent with accepted medical practice

Drug Inhalation

Breathing in substances for immediate impact.

Oral Dosage

A substance taken by mouth.

Intravenous Injection

The administration of medication by injection directly into a vein

Subcutaneous Injection

injection into the subcutaneous tissue that lies between the epidermis and the muscle

Inunction

The application of a drug by rubbing it onto the skin

Intramuscular Injection

An injection into deep muscle tissue, usually of the buttock, thigh, or upper arm

Dosage

The amount of any drug that an individual takes

Toxicity

The dosage level at which a drug becomes poisonous to the body, causing either temporary or permanent damage

Set

- Internal environment or mindset

- A person's expectations or preconceptions about using the drug

Setting

External environment that a drug user is in

Non-adherence

A prescribed medication is taken the way it should be

Physical Side Effects of Prescription Drugs

Complications may include heart failure, heart attacks, seizures, kidney and liver failure, among others