Human Body Systems Review Flashcards

Flashcards covering basic human anatomy, physiology, and system-specific review concepts based on the course materials.

Anatomical Position

The position that humans are in when doctors are using directional and regional terms to describe them.

Anterior

The front part of a human, including the face and abdominal region.

Posterior

The back part of a human, including the shoulder blades and heels.

Superior

Refers to something that is higher up on the body.

Inferior

Refers to something lower on the body.

Medial

Refers to something closer to the midline.

Lateral

Refers to something further away from the midline.

Proximal

Refers to something on an appendage closer to the trunk.

Distal

Refers to something on an appendage further away from the trunk.

Superficial

Refers to something closer to the surface of the skin.

Deep

Refers to something that is further within the body.

Dorsal

Refers to something associated with the spinal side of the body.

Ventral

Refers to something associated with the abdominal side of the body.

Levels of Organization

Cells work together to form tissues, which form organs, which form organ systems, which together make an organism.

Nervous Tissue

Tissue made of neurons that helps receive, interpret, and respond to signals.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that lines the outer surfaces of all organs and blood vessels.

Muscle Tissue

Tissue that can be striated, smooth, or cardiac; its main function is to contract.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that supports the body, holds organs in place, attaches muscle to bone, and links bones with joints; adipose (fat) is a type.

Osteoblasts

Cells that help in the building of bones.

Osteoclasts

Cells that help with the breaking down of bone.

X-ray Scans

Scans that provide a 2D image of the interior of the body.

MRI Scans

Scans that do not use radiation and can provide detail of very fine soft tissue.

CT Scans

Scans that create an image of internal body structures such as tendons, muscles, joints, blood vessels, and internal organs.

Skeletal Muscle

Muscle that is striated and voluntary.

Smooth Muscle

Muscle that is not striated and involuntary.

Cardiac Muscle

Muscle that is striated and involuntary.

Origin

The attachment of a muscle that does not move.

Insertion

The attachment of a muscle that does move.

Fibrous Joints

Fixed joints primarily made of collagen.

Cartilaginous Joints

Joints that have some movement and are primarily made of hyaline cartilage.

Synovial Joints

Moveable joints that contain synovial fluid to reduce friction.

Goniometer

A tool used to measure Range of Motion (ROM).

Range of Motion (ROM)

The amount of movement each joint can do; used to assess injuries and measure progress in therapy.

Cerebrum

The area of the brain containing the four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.

Cerebellum

The area of the brain underneath the cerebrum that helps with muscle control and balance.

Brain Stem

Consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain; helps with breathing, blood pressure regulation, and sleeping/waking.

Gyri

The ridges on the brain.

Sulci

The valleys within the ridges of the brain.

Glia

Cells in the nervous system that provide protection and maintain homeostasis for neurons.

Sensory Neurons

Neurons that send signals to the brain.

Interneurons

Neurons that send signals within the brain.

Motor Neurons

Neurons that send signals to muscles.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Uses $ATP$ to diffuse $3$ sodium ($Na^+$) ions out of the cell and $2$ potassium ($K^+$) ions into the cell to maintain resting potential.

Agonist

A substance that binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a response.

Antagonist

A substance that binds to a receptor and blocks the activation of the receptor.

Coronary Arteries

Vessels that bring oxygenated blood to the heart itself.

Systolic Pressure

The pressure in the arteries when the heart undergoes systole and contracts to push blood.

Diastolic Pressure

The pressure in the arteries when the heart undergoes diastole and is at rest, allowing the heart to fill with blood.

Sphygmomanometer

The tool with which you manually measure blood pressure.

Cardiac Output

A measure of how much blood is pumped by both ventricles in $1\,\text{minute}$; measured in $L/min$.

Heart Rate

A count of how many times the heart beats in $1\,\text{minute}$; measured in $bpm$.

Stroke Volume

The amount of blood being pumped out of the heart with each heartbeat; average is stable at $75\,mL/\text{beat}$.

Ankle Brachial Index (ABI)

Calculated by dividing the ankle systolic pressure by the arm systolic pressure.

Peripheral Artery Disease

A cardiovascular condition characterized by the narrowing of blood flow to the extremities.

Atherosclerosis

A buildup of plaque in blood vessels that commonly causes peripheral artery disease.

Spirometry

A common medical test to assess lung function.

FEV1

Forced Expiratory Volume; the maximum amount of air that can forcefully be exhaled in one second.

HDL

Lipoprotein that transports excess cholesterol to the liver.

LDL

Lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to cells; linked with heart disease.

Triglycerides

A lipid tracked in heart health; normal levels are linked with heart disease if they exceed $150\,mg/dL$.

Lymph Nodes

Bean-shaped organs that filter and cleanse lymph before it is distributed to the blood.

Afferent Vessels

Vessels that carry unfiltered lymph into a lymph node.

Efferent Vessels

Vessels that carry filtered lymph out of a lymph node.

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Represents how rapidly blood is cleansed of metabolic wastes and how effectively the kidneys carry out reabsorption and secretion.

Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)

An inherited disorder characterized by hundreds of fluid-filled cysts throughout both kidneys.

Urinalysis

A diagnostic test consisting of three parts: macroscopic/physical observation, chemical testing, and microscopic examination.

Gut Microbiome

The collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, that live in the digestive tract.