U5+ U6 AP World Pace Dump

Enlightenment

An 18th-century intellectual movement in Europe emphasizing reason, individualism, and the questioning of traditional authority.;

social contract

An agreement where the ruled surrender some freedom to rulers in exchange for protection of their remaining rights.;

natural rights

John Locke's idea that all humans are born with fundamental rights to life, liberty, and property.;

general will

Rousseau's concept that laws and government should reflect the common, collective interests of all citizens.;

empiricism

The philosophical belief that true knowledge comes only from sensory experience and experimental evidence.;

deism

Enlightenment belief in a creator god who set the universe in motion but does not intervene in human affairs.;

nationalism

Intense pride and loyalty to one's nation, based on shared language, culture, or history; drove state creation and empire breakup.;

feminism

The movement advocating for women's rights and equality, demanding voting rights and legal parity (e.g., Seneca Falls).;

classical liberalism

Political/economic philosophy advocating for civil liberties, limited government, private property, and free markets.;

abolitionism

The political and social movement dedicated to ending the trans-Atlantic slave trade and chattel slavery.;

American Revolution

War (1775-1783) where 13 colonies broke from British rule due to taxation without representation and natural rights ideas.;

Declaration of Independence

Document written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 that used Enlightenment ideals to formally separate from Britain.;

French Revolution

A radical revolution (1789-1799) driven by fiscal crises and social inequalities between the Estates; overthrew absolute monarchy.;

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Document adopted in 1789 establishing legal equality, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech for all French men.;

Reign of Terror

The radical phase of the French Revolution (1793-1794) led by Robespierre; thousands of perceived enemies were executed.;

Napoleon Bonaparte

French general who seized power in 1799, ended the Revolution, and spread its ideals across Europe before his 1815 defeat.;

Haitian Revolution

First successful slave rebellion in history (1791-1804); overthrew French rule to establish the independent nation of Haiti.;

Social & racial classes of Haiti

Highly stratified: grands blancs/petits blancs (whites), gens de couleur libres (free people of color), and 500,000+ enslaved Africans.;

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Former enslaved man and brilliant general who led Haitian rebel forces to defeat Spanish, British, and French armies.;

Latin American Revolutions

Early 19th-century independence movements that broke Spanish/Portuguese colonial rule across Central and South America.;

Social & Racial Classes of Latin America

Caste system: peninsulares (Spanish-born elites), creoles (American-born Spaniards), mixed-race (mestizos/mulattoes), and Indigenous/Africans.;

Simon Bolivar

Wealthy Creole revolutionary ('El Libertador') who led South American independence and dreamed of a unified Gran Colombia.;

Italian Unification

The political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into modern Italy in 1861.;

German Unification

The unification of German states into the German Empire in 1871, orchestrated by Bismarck's 'Blood and Iron' strategy.;

Industrial Revolution

Transition beginning in Britain around 1750 that replaced human/animal labor with machines powered by water and coal.;

Agricultural Revolution

18th-century European innovations (e.g., seed drill, crop rotation) that increased crop productivity and supported population growth.;

Early Industrial Revolution technologies

Key early inventions like the spinning jenny, water frame, and steam engine that mechanized textile production.;

Specialization of Labor

Breaking manufacturing down into small, repetitive tasks performed by different workers to increase productivity.;

Tenement Housing

Shoddily built, overcrowded industrial apartments lacking clean water and plumbing, causing rampant cholera outbreaks.;

Enclosure Act

British laws allowing common lands to be privately enclosed, pushing peasant farmers off land and into cities for work.;

Nations that Industrialized by 1850

Great Britain led, followed shortly by Belgium, France, the German states, and the United States.;

Second Industrial Revolution

Wave of industrialization (1870-1914) centering on steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum rather than iron and coal.;

Transportation Advancements/Technology

Steamships, railroads, and early automobiles that reduced travel times and opened interior regions to trade.;

Communication Advancements/Technology

Telegraph and telephone which allowed near-instantaneous global communication between businesses and governments.;

Nations that struggled to industrialize by 1850

Russia (due to serfdom), the Ottoman Empire (internal decline), and Spain/Italy (lack of resources/capital).;

Chinese Isolationism

Qing Dynasty policy restricting foreign trade to Canton; ended by unequal treaties forced by the West after Opium Wars.;

Japanese Isolationism

Tokugawa Sakoku policy which closed Japan to foreigners until Commodore Matthew Perry forced trade open in 1853.;

Meiji Restoration

The 1868 political revolution overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate, restoring the Emperor and rapidly industrializing Japan.;

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher known as the 'Father of Modern Capitalism' who argued for the 'invisible hand' of the market.;

Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith's 1776 book attacking mercantilism and advocating for free trade, free markets, and division of labor.;

Capitalism

Economic system in which private individuals own the means of production and operate for profit in a competitive market.;

Laissez-Faire

Economic doctrine ('let do') advocating for complete non-intervention by the government in regulations, tariffs, and trade.;

Consumerism

Social and economic order encouraging the purchase of goods in ever-greater amounts as mass production lowered prices.;

Transnational Corporations

Large global businesses (e.g., United Fruit Company, HSBC) that operated in multiple countries to manage trade.;

Karl Marx

German philosopher who co-wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848), predicting the proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie.;

Communism

System where state or community owns all property, aiming to eliminate social classes and private property.;

Socialism

System advocating for collective or government ownership of production to distribute wealth more equitably.;

Labor Unions

Organizations of workers formed to bargain collectively for better wages, shorter hours, and safer working conditions.;

Reform Movements

Social campaigns addressing industrial abuses, including the rise of compulsory public education and prison reform.;

class struggle

Core Marxist concept describing continuous conflict between the wealthy factory owners (bourgeoisie) and workers (proletariat).;

child labor

Widespread early industrial practice of hiring children for long, dangerous hours until restricted by late 19th-century laws.;

eight hour work day

Major labor union goal advocating for 'Eight hours for work, eight hours for rest, eight hours for what we will.'

New Imperialism

A wave of 19th-century conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, characterized by the acquisition of vast overseas territories for resources and markets.;

Factors driving 19th Century Imperialism

The industrial need for raw materials, the search for new consumer markets, intense nationalism, and the desire to project geopolitical power.;

Social Darwinism

The misapplication of biological evolution to human societies, used to justify imperialism and racism by claiming certain races were inherently superior to others.;

British East India Company

A royal chartered joint-stock company that acted as the governing authority in India on behalf of Britain until the rebellion of 1857.;

British colonization of India

The period of direct British rule in India starting in 1858, following the end of the British East India Company's administration.;

European colonization of Africa

The rapid invasion, division, and colonization of the African continent by European powers in the late 19th century, known as the 'Scramble for Africa'.;

Berlin Conference

An 1884–1885 meeting where European nations agreed upon rules for the colonization of Africa, completely ignoring existing African cultural and linguistic boundaries.;

Suez Canal

A vital artificial waterway in Egypt completed in 1869 that connected the Mediterranean and Red Seas, drastically shortening the trade route between Europe and Asia.;

Settler Colony

A form of colonization where a large number of foreign families migrate to and reside permanently in the colony, displacing local populations (e.g., South Africa, Australia).;

King Leopold in the Congo

The king of Belgium who personally owned and brutally exploited the Congo Free State for rubber extraction, resulting in millions of African deaths.;

European spheres of influence in East Asia

Areas in China where specific Western powers or Japan did not annex territory directly but held exclusive trade privileges and economic dominance.;

Raw materials in demand

Essential commodities needed to fuel industrial factories, including rubber, petroleum, cotton, copper, and tin, which drove the expansion of empires.;

Taiping Rebellion

A massive, deadly civil war in Qing China (1850–1864) led by Hong Xiuquan against the dynasty, which devastated the country and weakened imperial authority.;

Boxer Rebellion

An anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising in China (1899–1901) led by a secret society that was eventually crushed by an eight-nation military alliance.;

Ghost Dance

A religious movement among Native Americans in the late 19th century that hoped to restore their traditional lands and drive out white settlers through a spiritual dance.;

Tupac Amaru II Rebellion

An Indigenous uprising against Spanish colonial rule in Peru (1780–1781) led by a descendant of the last Inca ruler, which served as a precursor to independence.;

Indian Rebellion of 1857

A major, unsuccessful uprising against British East India Company rule that led the British crown to take direct political control of India.;

Opium Wars

Two 19th-century conflicts between Britain and China sparked by the illegal British trade of opium in China, resulting in severe military defeats for the Qing Dynasty.;

Treaty of Nanking

The 1842 unequal treaty that ended the First Opium War, forcing China to cede Hong Kong to Britain, open treaty ports, and pay large reparations.;

Economic Imperialism

A situation where foreign business interests extract resources and wield immense political and economic influence over a country without formal colonization.;

Banana Republic

A term used to describe small, politically unstable nations in Central America whose economies were completely dominated by foreign agricultural corporations.;

Causes of migrations in the 19th century

Population pressure, poverty, environmental disasters (like the Irish Potato Famine), and the global demand for agricultural and industrial labor.;

indentured servitude

A labor system where individuals contracted to work without pay for a specific period in exchange for passage to a new country; often replaced enslaved labor.;

Indian diaspora

The widespread migration of Indian laborers to various parts of the British Empire, including South Africa, East Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia.;

Chinese diaspora

The massive migration of Chinese citizens fleeing instability and poverty to North America, Southeast Asia, and Australia, where they worked in mining and railroad construction.;

Chinese Exclusion Act

An 1882 U.S. federal law that suspended Chinese immigration for ten years, reflecting growing xenophobia and economic competition.;

White Australia Policy

A series of immigration restriction laws passed in Australia starting in 1901 that aimed to limit non-European (especially Asian) migration to maintain a white population.;

Cultural syncretism in the 19th century

The blending of cultural, religious, and social practices that occurred as a result of migration and imperialism across different regions.;

Ethnic enclaves

Urban communities established by immigrants in foreign countries (like Chinatowns), which allowed them to preserve their language, culture, and traditions.;

British control of Egypt

The occupation of Egypt by Britain starting in 1882 to secure and protect British financial investments and control over the Suez Canal.;

French in Africa

French colonial expansion that established a massive empire across West Africa, North Africa (e.g., Algeria), and parts of Central Africa.;

South Africa

A British settler colony that grew dramatically in economic importance after the discovery of massive diamond and gold deposits in the late 19th century.;

Boer Wars

A series of conflicts (1880–1881 and 1899–1902) between the British Empire and Dutch-descended Afrikaner settlers for control of South Africa's resources.;

French in Southeast Asia

French colonization of modern-day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, which were grouped together and governed as the colony of French Indochina.;

British in Southeast Asia

British expansion in the region that resulted in the colonization of Malaya, Burma, and the establishment of the major trade port of Singapore.;

Cecil Rhodes

A British businessman and imperialist who founded the De Beers diamond company and pushed for the 'Cape to Cairo' railway across Africa.;

Civilizing Mission

A paternalistic ideological justification for imperialism, claiming that Europeans had a duty to bring Western religion, education, and culture to non-Western peoples.;

End of Slavery

The gradual, worldwide abolition of chattel slavery during the 19th century, which forced global plantation economies to seek out new forms of coerced labor.;

End of Serfdom

The legal emancipation of peasants from the land, most notably in Russia in 1861, which was enacted to free up labor and modernize the economy.