(3) stations 1-8

What general characteristics and structures are found in the clade prokaryotes?

• contains a singular chromosome, ribosomes, and a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan

• Has no membrane bound organelles

When did the first prokaryote appear in the fossil record?

3.5 billion years ago

What form did the fossil prokaryote take?

Fossilized stromatolites

How long were prokaryotes on earth by themselves?

1.4 billion years ago

Where are prokaryotes found?

Most habitats on the planet. In soil, water, acidic hot spring…

Bacterial shapes

Coccus, bacillus, helical/spiral, filamentous

What do cell walls of prokaryotes contain?

Peptidoglycan

What is the structure of the cell wall in gram positive bacteria?

A simple structure with a large amount of peptidoglycan that retains the violet color in the cytoplasm.

Gram negative/ positive

Negative = pink/ red

Positive = violet/ purple

What is the structure of the cell wall in gram negative bacteria?

A small amount of peptidoglycan sandwiched in between two membranes

What is in Petri dishes that have a cluster of colonies?

A bacterial colony

What characteristics allow antibiotics to work on bacterial cells but don’t affect eukaryotic cells?

The presence or absence of cell walls, their ribosomes structure, and details of their metabolism.

Do the same antibiotics work differently on different colonies of bacteria?

Different bacterial cells allow certain antibiotics to work on certain bacteria and not on others

Is it probable to have one antibiotic that would fight all bacterial infections?

It’s impossible to have one antibiotic fight all bacterial diseases

What is a narrow spectrum antibiotic?

Works on either gram negative or gram positive bacteria

What is a broad spectrum antibiotic?

Broad spectrum works on both gram negative and gram positive bacteria.

What are the reasons that some bacteria are pigmented? (1)

Photosynthesis: certain pigments are used to collect light energy and convert it into sugars for the bacteria

What are the reasons that some bacteria are pigmented? (2)

Certain pigments are used to protect the bacteria from the damage of ultraviolet light

Where can luminescent bacteria be found?

In the deep sea environment and soils

What enzyme do these species have that allows them to give off light?

Luciferase

What are some of the industrial applications these bacteria serve?

The progression of plant infections, antibiotics in milk, toxic pollutants in the environment, and dangerous bacteria in food

What did Carl woese use to separate the kingdom Monera into different domains?

Using molecular biology (small subunit ribosomal RNA)

What were the first archaea called?

Extremophiles

What are the two types of extremeophiles?

• the halophiles

• The thermophiles

what is the name of the group in the more moderate environments?

Methanogens