MOCKS: sociocultural - definitions SAQ TEST

1. social identity theory - schaller

argues that a person has not just one “personal self” but rather several social selves that correspond to group membership.

1. social categorization

how humans see themselves as part of a group and automatically perceive in-groups and out-groups

1. social identification

how people may pay more attention to their in-group and adopt their values, attitudes, and behaviors

1. social comparison

how humans can view their own social identity as superior to others, a concept known as positive distinctiveness, which leads to in-group favoritism. People can also view their out-groups as less superior and all the same, a concept known as out-group homogeneity. Out-group homogeneity can lead to out-group discrimination

1. salience

they hold more emotional value and have the greatest impact on one’s self-concept

2. social cognitive theory - Joy, Kimball & Zabrack

argues that people can learn through imitation and modeling

2. how SCT learning be achived

direct or vicarious reinforcement

2. SCT necessary conditions

attention to behavior, retention of behavior, motivation to do behavior, and the potential that the behavior can be done

2. The potential to learn can be enhanced if:

the model’s behavior is consistent and stands out, if the model is liked, respected, and similar to the observer, and if the model’s behavior is reinforced

2. reciprocal determinism

the influence of behavior, the environment, and personal and cognitive traits are all bi-directional in affecting one’s ability to learn through imitation and modeling

3.4. stereotype - schaller

a cognitive representation of a social group. They involve a schema, which is a cognitive framework or concept that helps people organize and interpret information.

3.4. stereotypes are…

based on limited information and assumptions, often leading to false predictions.
usually acquired indirectly from other people and social norms
tend to be very general and heuristic
prone to confirmation bias.

3. way stereotypes are formed - SIT - schaller

One way stereotypes are formed is through the social identity theory (SIT). By categorizing people into in-groups and out-groups, people can easily make negative assumptions about all members of their out-groups, known as out-group discrimination and homogeneity. Humans also make positive assumptions about their in-group, known as positive distinctiveness.

4. affects of stereotypes - how stereotypes cause memory distortion - martin and halverson

Schema can affect which types of information humans notice and remember. Information that is consistent with schema will be noticed while information inconsistent with schema can be overlooked

5. deception - martin and halverson

deception refers to the practice of intentionally misleading or withholding information from participants about the true purpose of the study. This is often done to prevent demand characteristics. deception is only considered permissible if it is necessary for the validity of the research, it does not cause significant harm or distress, and if participants are debriefed at the end of the study

6. research methods - true experiment - schaller

a study that takes place in a highly controlled environment, such as a laboratory.
The researcher tests a hypothesis by manipulating an independent variable and measuring a dependent variable.
Participants are randomly allocated to each condition of the experiment and the procedures are highly standardized to ensure reliability.
valuable because it can establish cause-and-effect relationships by controlling extraneous variables.

7.8.9.12. culture

a system of shared rules, values, beliefs, and behaviors established by a group to ensure their survival.

It encompasses different levels, with surface aspects that change rapidly, and deep aspects that change slowly. includes both objective elements and subjective elements.

it is dynamic, meaning that is is always changing, responding to shifting environments and circumstances largely due to external influences.

7.8.9.12. cultural norms

rules that a specific culture uses for stating what is seen as appropriate and inappropriate behaviors, values, beliefs, and attitudes.

explicit or implicit

usually passed from generation to generation cultural transmission and gatekeepers. They give people a sense of order, control, safety, and belonging

7. cultural dimensions: individualism vs collectivsm - berry

IND: A strong personal identity based on an independent self, Ties with others are loose and voluntary, Value freedom, personal time, personal challenge and responsibility

COL: A strong personal identity based on an interdependent self, Interconnections with others are lifelong and mandatory, Value tradition, loyalty, security, harmony

12. Explain one example of a potential influence of culture on behavior or cognition - conformity berry

conformity is when an individual changes their behavior, attitudes, or beliefs to match those of a group, often due to social pressure

10. one research method in culture - quasi experiment - berry

a research design in which the iv is not manipulated by the researcher, and participants are not randomly assigned to experimental conditions. Instead, they are grouped based on pre-existing characteristics or natural events. Because random allocation is not possible, quasi-experiments do not establish direct causation, but they can suggest a correlation between the IV and dv. Quasi-experiments are useful for studying variables that cannot be ethically or practically manipulated

8. Enculturation - joy kimball and zabrack

the process whereby humans are socialized into the behaviors, values, attitudes, and beliefs of their own culture.

This process is constant and on-going and reinforces one’s identity as a member of a culture.

8. enculturation can:

affect people’s behavior, and cognition, and ensures the continuity of cultural practices from generation to generation.

8. cultural transmission

The process by which culture is passed on to younger members or new members of culture through gatekeepers

can occur vertically (from parent to child), horizontally (from friend or sibling), or obliquely (from others or other social intuitions).

8. enculturation can be taught

directly, through observation, or through participatory learning

8. enculturation on behavior - joy kimball and zabrack

aggressive behavior

9. acculturation - lueck and wilson

The phenomena where groups of individuals of different cultures come into continuous contact, which results in change in the original culture patterns of either or both groups.

9. Berry's Acculturation Model

assimilation, integration, separation, marginalization

explain one study of assimilation - lueck and wilson

Assimilation is when an individual abandons their original culture and adopts the cultural behaviors and values of their new culture.

9. acculturative stress

the psychological, somatic, and social difficulties that may accompany acculturation. Personal battle between enculturation and acculturation

9. acculturation gaps

generational differences in acculturation and how this leads to conflict within the family

9. reactive identification

when the individual strengthens their ethnic or racial identity in response to discrimination

9. protective factors

Factors that make acculturation easier and can decrease levels of acculturation stress

10. Ethics in the study of cultural influences on behavior - anonymity - lueck and wilson

all personal information collected during the study is kept confidential and participants’ identities are not revealed in the publication or use of the data. This ensures that the data cannot be traced back to any individual participant.

13. Explain one study of cultural (or social) groups.

SIT - schaller