CLS C174: Exam 2 Study Guide

These flashcards cover key theories, legal cases, and sociological concepts regarding U.S. immigration policy, enforcement, and human rights as discussed in the study guide.

Ewing's View of US Immigration Policy

A contradictory system that welcomes immigrants for economic growth while simultaneously excluding them based on fear, race, and politics.

Historical Continuity of Exclusion

The key concept that immigration policy develops in cycles of inclusion and exclusion, with nativism repeatedly targeting each new immigrant group.

Major Policy Eras (Ewing)

Significant legislative periods including the Chinese Exclusion Act ($1882$), National Origins Quotas ($1920\text{s}$), Immigration Act of $1965$, IRCA ($1986$), and Post-$9/11$ security measures.

SB 1070 (Arizona)

A law resulting from years of political organizing by anti-immigrant activists, making Arizona a testing ground for state immigration enforcement.

Moral Entrepreneur

Individuals like Russell Pearce who create and enforce rules to address what they perceive as a profound moral wrong in the community, often operating with an absolute ethic.

Crimmigration

The merging or blending of criminal law and immigration law, where immigration violations are increasingly treated like criminal matters.

287g Partnerships

Agreements between DHS and local law enforcement that authorize federally trained local officers to screen and process immigrants for removal.

Secure Communities

A program that automatically transmits arrestee fingerprints to the DHS IDENT database; matches trigger ICE review and potentially a $48$-hour detainer.

Sanctuary Status (Martinez et al.)

Policies that limit local cooperation with federal immigration enforcement; research indicates there is no relationship between these policies and higher violent crime.

Deportation as Social Punishment (Chacon)

A massive system of social control functioning as exile, which separates families and destabilizes communities while potentially increasing vulnerability and crime.

Crime Opportunity Theory (Guerette and Clarke)

The concept that human smuggling grows because increased border enforcement creates market-driven opportunities for criminal organizations.

Border Escalation Cycle (Lutterbeck)

An 'arms race' dynamic where each increase in border enforcement triggers more sophisticated smuggling responses and adaptation.

Post-Deportation Vulnerability

The social exclusion, economic hardship, and victimization (such as being targeted by gangs) that individuals often face after removal from the U.S.

Universal Human Rights (Beyrer)

The concept that migration should be viewed as a human rights issue rather than solely security, as states have obligations under international norms regardless of legal status.

NCLR 'Paying the Price' Findings

Research showing that for every $2$ immigrants arrested in raids, roughly $1$ child was affected, causing family separation and economic shock.

Immigration Policy Wave 2

Occurred in the late $1800\text{s}$ involving Italian, Polish, Russian, and Southeast European immigrants who were viewed as 'racially' and religiously suspected.

Devolution

The statutory transfer of powers from the federal government to state and local governments, such as local police enforcing civil immigration violations.

Prop 187 (CA, 1994)

A California initiative that prohibited undocumented immigrants from accessing public services; though ruled unconstitutional, it served as a template for later laws.

Criminal Alien Program (CAP)

A program where ICE personnel in corrections facilities share inmate records and can interview, identify, and detain inmates at their discretion.

Immigrant Detention

The practice of holding individuals suspected of visa violations or illegal entry until a decision is made; detainees are NOT entitled to the same constitutional protections as criminal defendants.

Prevention Through Deterrence

A border strategy designed to fortify the border with barriers and surveillance to force migrants into remote terrain where agents have a tactical advantage.

Human Trafficking

The recruitment, transport, or receipt of persons by force or deception for exploitation, distinct from smuggling because victims are exploited via debt bondage.

Refugee

A person outside their country of nationality who cannot return due to a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, nationality, social group, or political opinion.