Cardio & Respiratory Wk 12 - Lesson 93

contractile cells that wrap around the endothelial cells of capillaries and venules that are embedded within the basement membrane

What are pericytes?

vascular stability, blood-brain barrier integrity, regulating capillary blood flow, maintaining gap junctions

What is the function of pericytes?

thin, gel-like layer of carbohydrates and proteins that coats the inner surface of endothelial cells

What is the glycocalyx?

influences starling forces, maintaining vascular permeability, protecting against mechanical damage, regulating exchange of substances

What is the function of the glycocalyx?

restricting the movement of plasma proteins into the interstitial space which maintains the oncotic pressure

How does the glycocalyx affect the starling forces?

thick walls with small lumens, generally round

What is the general appearance of arteries?

thin walls with large lumens, generally flattened

What is the general appearance of veins?

Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa (adventitia)

What are the layers of walls in blood vessels?

endothelium usually appears wavy due to constriction of smooth muscle

What does the tunica intima of arteries look like?

endothelium appears smooth

What does the tunica intima of arteries look like?

smooth muscle cells and elastic fibers

What does the tunica media of arteries look like?

Tunica intima of larger arteries

What contains an internal elastic membrane?

Tunica media of larger arteries

What contains an external elastic membrane?

Tunica media of veins

What lacks an external elastic membrane?

Tunica intima of veins

What lacks an internal elastic membrane?

Tunica media

What is the thickest layer of arteries?

Tunica externa (adventitia)

What is the thickest layer of veins?

smooth muscle cells and collagenous fibers; nervi and vasa vasorum present

What does the tunica media look like in veins?

collagenous and elastic fibers; nervi and vasa vasorum present

What does the tunica externa (adventitia) look like in arteries?

collagenous and smooth fibers with some smooth muscle cells; nervi and vasa vasorum present

What does the tunica externa (adventitia) look like in veins?

Tunica intima

What is the smallest layer in veins and arteries?

largest arteries

When is the tunica externa larger than the tunica media in arteries?

endothelium, smooth muscle, adventitia

What are the layers of the lymphatic vessels?

single flattened epithelial cells

What is the structure of the endothelium of lymphatic vessels?

transports fluid by the overlapping cells acting as valves and preventing fluid from leaking out

What is the function of the endothelium of lymphatic vessels?

alters the pressure inside the lumen by contracting and relaxing to move lymph

What is the function of the smooth muscle in lymphatic vessels?

consists of fibrous tissue made out of collagen and serves to anchor the lymph vessels

What is the adventitia of lymphatic vessels?

tunica intima

What layer has the function of angiogenesis?

nitric oxide and prostacyclins

What does the endothelium produce to affect hemostasis?

loose and dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers

What is the connective tissue of the adventitia?

fibroblasts, macrophages, stem cells, myofibroblasts, pericytes

What are the cells of the adventitia?

proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans

What is the extracellular matrix of the adventitia?

anchoring, remodeling and defense, structural integrity and flexibility of the vessel wall

What is the function of the adventitia?

small blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the outer part of the larger vessels and lymphatic vessels to drain excess fluid

What makes up the vasa vasorum in the adventitia?

contains autonomic nerve fibers that regulate smooth muscle contraction also contains sensory neurons

What makes up the nervi vasorum in the adventitia?

steady blood flow

What are large elastic arteries for?

distribution

What are median muscular arteries for?

resistance and pressure

What are small arteries or arterioles for?

draining

What are small veins or venules for?

unidirectionality and venous return

What are medium veins for?

venous return

What are large veins for?

hepatic, hypothalamo-hypophyseal, renal, and adrenal glands

What are the portal systems?

systemic and pulmonary

What are the two main circulatory routes?

hearts -> lung -> heart

What is the route for pulmonary circulation?

right ventricle and main pulmonary artery

What part of the pulmonary circuit has deoxygenated blood?

pulmonary veins and left atrium

What part of the pulmonary circuit has oxygenated blood?

renal filtration

What is the function of the kidney with blood?

hepatic portal vein

What brings blood from the GI to the liver?

GI tract, pancreas, spleen

What organs does the hepatic portal vein take blood from?

quality assurance of the substances absorbed by the GIT

What is the function of the hepatic portal system?

hepatic vein to caudal vena cava

Where does blood from the liver go to once its been filtered?

surgical procedure to bypass the liver

What is a portocaval shunt/portosystemic shunt?

birds, reptiles, amphibeans, fishes

What animals have renal portal system?

enhancing efficiency of the kidney

What is the function of the renal portal system?

renal portal valves

What controls whether the blood goes to the kidney

femoral vein to external iliac vein or ischiatic vein to common iliac vein to caudal vena cava

What is the order of blood traveling through veins in renal portal system?

injecting drugs into the femoral veins in birds because it may be excreted?

What to be cautious with birds related to the renal portal system?

Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland

What are the organs in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

hypophysis

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus secrete releasing hormone and inhibiting hormones

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

moving hormones from hypothalamus to pituitary to control hormone release from pituitary?

What is the function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

cortisol enriched blood flows from the cortex to the medulla where cortisol enhances the activity that converts norepinephrine to epinephrine

What is the function of the corticomedullary portal system?

flows from the cortex to medulle

Where does blood flow from the corticomedullary portal system?

bulb of the aorta

Where do the coronary arteries stem from?

brachiocephalic trunk

What artery supplies the forelimbs, head, and neck?

paired at rib 3/4-12

Where are the dorsal intercostal arteries of the parietal branches of thoracic aorta?

paired starting at rib 13

Where are the dorsal costo-abdominal arteries of the parietal branches of thoracic aorta?

bronchoesophageal arteries paired

What is the visceral branch of the aorta?

two internal iliac arteries and median sacral artery

What makes up the terminal branches of the aorta?

azygous vein

What vein picks up blood from the thoracic wall?

right side

What side is the azygous vein on for dogs and horses?

Left Dorsal Intercostal arteries

Left Bronchoesophageal artery

Brachiocephalic trunk

Right Dorsal Intercostal arteries

Right Costoabdominal arteries

Phrenicoabdominal artery

Lumbar arteries

Deep Circumflex Iliac artery

Lumbar arteries

Deep Circumflex Iliac artery

Celiac artery

Cranial Mesenteric artery

Renal artery

Gonadal artery

Caudal Mesenteric artery

Testicular artery & Vein

Deep Circumflex Iliac artery

External Iliac artery

Internal Iliac artery

Deep Circumflex artery

External Iliac artery

Internal Iliac artery

Median Sacral artery

Hyoid Venous arch

Larynx

Internal Jugular vein

External Jugular vein

Subclavian vein

Internal Thoracic trunk/vein