all of it christ

Carbohydrate digestion organs

Mouth then pancreas then small intestine

Protein digestion organs

Stomach then pancreas then small intestine

Lipid digestion organs

Liver then gallbladder then pancreas then small intestine

Emulsification

Bile breaks large fat droplets into small droplets

Pancreatic lipase

Enzyme that digests triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides

Lipase action

Breaks triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides

Micelles

Bile droplets that carry lipids to intestinal cells

Lipid absorption

Lipids leave micelles and diffuse into intestinal cells

Triglyceride re‑formation

FFAs and monoglycerides are rebuilt into triglycerides inside the cell

Chylomicrons

Packaged triglycerides coated with proteins and phospholipids

Chylomicron transport

Enter lacteals then move through lymph to the bloodstream

Mucous cells

Secrete mucus to protect stomach lining

Parietal cells

Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

Chief cells

Secrete pepsinogen the precursor to pepsin

G cells

Secrete gastrin to stimulate gastric activity

Enteroendocrine Cells

produce hormones that regulate digestion

Hydrochloric acid (Gastric juice)

2 to 3 L per day produced by the parietal cells; Activates pepsin; nd gastric lipase – enzymes that aid in fat and protein digestion; Helps liquefy food form chyme

Pepsin/Pepsinogen (Zymogens)

digestive enzymes secreted as inactive proteins; Converted to active enzymes by removing some of their amino acids

Intrinsic factor

a glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells; Required for vitamin B12 absorption (anema without)

Gastrin

Hormone that increases gastric secretion and motility

Mucus in stomach

Protects stomach lining from acid

Hydrochloric acid (Gastric juice)

2 to 3 L per day produced by the parietal cells; Activates pepsin; nd gastric lipase – enzymes that aid in fat and protein digestion; Helps liquefy food form chyme

Pepsin/Pepsinogen (Zymogens)

digestive enzymes secreted as inactive proteins; Converted to active enzymes by removing some of their amino acids

Intrinsic factor

a glycoprotein secreted by parietal cells; Required for vitamin B12 absorption (anema without)

Gastrin

Hormone that increases gastric secretion and motility

Mucus in stomach

Protects stomach lining from acid

Oral phase

Voluntary movement of bolus by tongue

Pharyngeal phase

Involuntary movement as airway closes and bolus enters esophagus

Esophageal phase

Peristalsis moves bolus to stomach; involuntary

Water in saliva

Makes up about 99 percent of saliva and dissolves food chemicals for taste

Salivary amylase

Begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth

Lingual lipase

Fat digesting enzyme that is inactive in the mouth and activated in the stomach

Mucus in saliva

Lubricates food and protects the oral mucosa

Lysozyme

Antibacterial enzyme that helps kill microbes

Electrolytes in saliva

Include sodium potassium chloride bicarbonate and phosphate

Parotid gland

Produces watery enzyme rich saliva

Submandibular gland

Produces mixed mucus and enzyme saliva

Sublingual gland

Produces mostly mucus rich saliva

Parasympathetic effect on saliva

Produces large amounts of watery enzyme rich saliva

Sympathetic effect on saliva

Produces small amounts of thick mucus rich saliva

Pepsin

Stomach enzyme that digests proteins into large peptides

Pancreatic proteases

Enzymes from pancreas that digest polypeptides into smaller peptides in the small intestine

Aminopeptidase

Brush border enzyme that removes amino acids from peptide chains

Dipeptidase

Brush border enzyme that splits dipeptides into free amino acids

Protein absorption

Amino acids absorbed into blood in the small intestine

Salivary amylase

Enzyme from salivary glands that begins starch digestion in the mouth

Pancreatic amylase

Enzyme from pancreas that digests starch into disaccharides in the small intestine

Maltase

Brush border enzyme that digests maltose into two glucose molecules

Sucrase

Brush border enzyme that digests sucrose into glucose and fructose

Lactase

Brush border enzyme that digests lactose into glucose and galactose

Carbohydrate absorption

Monosaccharides absorbed into blood in the small intestine

Small intestine function

Primary site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

Large intestine function

Absorbs water electrolytes and vitamins and forms feces

Bile acids function

Emulsify fats for digestion

Pancreatic amylase

Digests starch into maltose

Pancreatic lipase

Digests triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

Pancreatic proteases

Digest proteins into peptides

Pancreatic nucleases

Digest nucleic acids into nucleotides

Bicarbonate secretion

Neutralizes acidic chyme in duodenum

Secretin

Stimulates bicarbonate release and increases bile production

Gastrin hormone

Increases stomach acid secretion and motility

More H+ ions

Means higher acidity and lower pH

Fewer H+ ions

Means lower acidity and higher pH

Stomach acidity

Very high H+ concentration with pH 1 to 2

Esophagus environment

Low H+ concentration with pH 6 to 7

Reflux pain cause

Stomach H+ lowers esophageal pH and irritates tissue

Mucous cells

Secrete mucus to protect stomach lining

Parietal cells

Secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

Chief cells

Secrete pepsinogen the precursor to pepsin

G cells

Secrete gastrin to stimulate gastric activity

Enteroendocrine Cells

produce hormones that regulate digestion

Enteric nervous system

Intrinsic nerve network controlling digestion

Submucosal plexus

Controls glandular secretions in the GI tract

Myenteric plexus

Controls GI motility and peristalsis

Mucosa

Inner layer responsible for secretion absorption and protection

Submucosa

Layer containing blood vessels lymphatics and nerves

Muscularis externa

Smooth muscle layer responsible for peristalsis and segmentation

Serosa

Outer protective layer of the GI tract

Salivary glands

Produce saliva containing mucus water and enzymes and they enter the alimentary tract at the mouth oral cavity

Liver

Produces bile for fat emulsification and bile enters the alimentary tract at the duodenum via bile ducts

Gallbladder

Stores and concentrates bile and releases it into the duodenum through the common bile duct

Pancreas

Produces pancreatic juice with enzymes and bicarbonate and it enters the duodenum through the pancreatic duct

Ingestion

Taking food into the mouth

Mechanical digestion

Physical breakdown of food including chewing churning and segmentation

Chemical digestion

Enzymatic breakdown of macromolecules into absorbable units

Propulsion

Movement of material through the GI tract by swallowing and peristalsis

Secretion

Release of enzymes acids buffers bile and mucus into the digestive tract

Absorption

Movement of nutrients water and electrolytes into blood or lymph

Defecation

Elimination of indigestible material from the body