genetics --> human bio

species

a group of individuals that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

allele

different versions of the same gene

gene pool

sum of all alleles in a population pool

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species living in the same place at the same time

mutation

permanent change in the DNA sequence due to mistakes when copied or environmental factors

mutagen

agents known to increase the rate of mutation

gene

A section of DNA that codes for a characteristic

genetics studies?

The frequency of alleles in a gene pool for a particular population (allele frequency)

gene mutations

changes to a single gene during replication, where traits are changed or destroyed

chromosomal mutation

all or part of a chromosome is affected

2 main types of mutations (determined by how much DNA is affected)

1. gene mutations

2. chromosomal mutations

Examples of mutagens

chemicals, radiation, viruses, UV, X-rays, mustard gas

causes of mutations

induced or spontaneous

induced causes of mutations

mutations caused by mutagenic agents in the environment

spontaneous causes of mutations

mutations caused by random errors in biological processes such as meiosis or mitosis

types of mutations (determined by the types of cells)

1. somatic mutation

2. germline mutation

somatic mutation

A mutation that occurs in the body cells. Cannot be inherited to next generation

passed on to daughter cells during cells division

germline mutation

mutation that occurs in reproductive cells (gametes)

passed on to the embryo - to the next generation

parent doesn't have the mutation

types of mutations (determined by the functional effect)

1. Missense

2. Nonsense

3. Silent

4. Neutral

Missense mutation

point mutation

one base effected

change in DNA (substitution)

nuncleotide replaced with another (different neucolotide)

change in DNA (insertion)

new neucleotide added to DNA strand

change in the DNA (deletion)

nucleotide removed from DNA strand

frameshift mutation

consequence of point mutation where all future codons are read incorrectly leading to errors in translation

types of chromosomal mutations

1. deletion

2. translocation

3. duplication

4. inversion

deletion - chromosomal mutation type

chromosome segment loss

translocation - chromosomal mutation type

A segment from a chromosome is transferred to another

duplication - chromosomal mutation type

A segment from one chromosome is transferred to its homologous chromosome, giving it duplicate genes

inversion - chromosomal mutation type

A segment of a chromosome arm is inverted