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Chemical Energy

Energy stored in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins that is essential for cell processes.

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

Molecule that transfers energy from food breakdown to cell activities; has high-energy phosphate bonds.

Chemosynthesis

Process where organisms use chemical energy to produce carbon-based molecules without sunlight.

Photosynthesis

Process in plants capturing sunlight energy to produce sugars for energy storage.

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O —-> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Grana

stacks of coin-shaped, membrane-enclosed compartments (thylakoids)

Stroma

is the fluid that surrounds the grana inside a chloroplast

Thylakoids

pouch like sacs that are bound to a membrane in a chloroplast of a plant cell

Chlorophyll

Molecule in chloroplasts absorbing light energy for photosynthesis, mainly from red and blue wavelengths.

Cellular Respiration

is the breakdown of nutrients to release chemical energy, its an Aerobic process as it needs oxygen to take place. Takes place in the mitochondria.

glucose

only/main energy source that can be broken down in respiration by cells.

Glycolysis

the first stage of cellular respiration, splits glucose into 2 three-carbon molecules and makes 4 molecules of ATP but 2 ATP molecules are used in the process, its an anaerobic process as it does not require oxygen.

Fermentation

Anaerobic process allowing glycolysis to continue by recycling NAD+ for ATP production.

Lactic acid fermentation

(C3H6O3) occurs in muscle cells, its what causes your muscles to ‘burn’

Alcoholic fermentation

occurs in many yeasts and some plants

Carrying Capacity

Maximum population size an environment can support sustainably.

Renewable Resources

Natural resources like solar and wind energy that can be replenished if used responsibly.

Nonrenewable Resources

Resources like fossil fuels that are used faster than they can be formed.

unsustainable farming

No more resources = no more people

Ecological Footprint

Land needed to sustain resources and waste production for an individual or population.

Pollution

any undesirable factor or pollutant that is added to the air, water, or soil.

Smog

a type of air pollution cause by the interaction of sunlight with pollutants produced by fossil fuel emissions such as gas and oil

Particulates

are microscopic bits of dust, metal, and unburned fuel, 1-10 microns in size, that are produced by many different industrial processes., they can be inhaled and cause health issues

Ground level ozone ( O3)

in the presence of sunlight NO2 (created by fossil fuels)  which gives smog a yellowish color But the ozone layer is supposed to act as a shield against uv light.

CFCs

destroying the ozone layer, are released by air conditioners, refrigerators, and aerosols

Acid rain

a type of precipitation produced when pollutants in the water cycle (Nitrogen and sulfur oxides) cause rain pH to drop below normal levels

Greenhouse gasses

CO2, water vapor, and methane

Biodiversity

The wide variety and assortment of species found in any ecosystem, which is extremely valuable and cannot be measured.

Ripple effect

The impact of a decrease in biodiversity that spreads throughout the ecosystem, affecting all species.

Habitat fragmentation

Occurs when a barrier prevents an organism from accessing its entire home range.

Introduced species

Organisms brought to an ecosystem due to human actions, which can cause economic damage.

Invasive species

Organisms that have a major impact on ecosystems and humans, causing economic damage and monetary loss.

Conservation

The act of protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment.

Sustainable development

Managing natural resources in a way that meets current needs without harming future generations.

Umbrella species protection

Protecting a particular species to ensure the conservation of a wide range of other species.

Global warming

the trend of increasing global temperatures is created by greenhouse effect

Eutrophication

the excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.

Indicator species (bioindicator)

a species that provides a sign or indication of the quality of the ecosystem's environmental conditions.

Biomagnification

means that when a pollutant moves up the food chain as predators eat preys, the concentration of the pollutant will increase, so the last organism in the food chain gets affected the most