apes unit one

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ez dubs

Geology

11th

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131 Terms

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enviornmental science
an interdisciplinary field of science that integrates natural science and social science
How nature works
How the environment affects us
How we affect the environment
Causes of and solutions to environmental problems
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enviornment
the sum total of all living and nonliving things that affect an organism
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ecology
a biological science that studies the interrelationships between living organisms and their environments
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enviornmentalism
a social movement dedicated to protecting Earth's life-support systems for humanity and all other species
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natural capital
: the combination of natural resources and natural services that keep humans and other species alive and support our economies
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natural resources
air
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natural services
air and water purification
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solar capital
energy from the sun
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perpetual resources
On a human time scale are continuous.
Solar energy
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renewable resources
On a human time scale can be replenished rapidly (e.g. hours to several decades).
Forests
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sustainable yeild
The highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply
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nonrenewable resources
On a human time scale are in fixed supply.
Oil and natural gas
Become economically depleted when the costs of extracting and using what is left exceed its economic value
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sustainability
the ability of the earth's various systems to survive and adapt to changing environmental conditions indefinitely
Includes human cultural systems and economics
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trade-offs
example: must replant or protect forests in return for cutting down trees for paper products
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intrinsic values
organisms and natural capital have their own right to exist
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4 scientific priciples of sustainability
Reliance on Solar Energy
Biodiversity
Population Control
Nutrient Recycling
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enviornmentally sustainable society
meets the basic resource needs of its people in a just manner without degrading or depleting natural capital
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tragedy of the commons
Term coined by biologist Garrett Hardin to describe the degradation of free-access renewable resources
Occurs when sustainable yield is exceeded
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IPAT equation
Impact \= Population x Affluence x Technology
Mathematical model to assess impact of different human actions
Can be used to work towards sustainability by identifying key problems and initiating development of solutions
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exponential growth
growth in which a quantity increases at a fixed percentage per unit time
Starts off slowly
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Economic growth
an increase in the capacity of a country to provide people with goods and services
Measured by the gross domestic product
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gross domestic product (GDP)
annual value of all goods and services produced within a country
Economic development uses economic growth to improve living standards
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Gross national product (GNP)
the value of all goods and services produced by a country in one year from all national and international business
Per capita: divided by among the population
Flaw in that it assumes everyone has an equal share Changes in economic growth measured in per capita GDP (per person)
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Affluenza
unsustainable addiction to overconsumption and materialism
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Wealth gap
Uneven distribution of wealth
Between developed and developing countries
Between upper and lower classes
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Planetary management worldview
humans are separate from nature
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Stewardship worldview
earth can be managed for human benefit
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Environmental wisdom worldview
humans are a part of and totally dependent on nature
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nature exists for all species

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economic growth should be earth-sustainable

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Null hypothesis (H0):
Assumes the variable you choose will have no effect or that there will be no difference between the variables and the controls
(independent variable has no effect on dependent variable).
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Alternate hypothesis (HA):
suggests there WILL be an effect
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Variables
different factors that can influence the results of an experiment
A good experiment tests one variable at a time
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Independent variable
also known as experimental or manipulated variable
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Dependent variable
also known as responding variable
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Statistical analysis
a quantitative method of analyzing data in order to disprove the null hypothesis
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P-value
probability that your results are due to chance and that there is no correlation between your independent and dependent variable
The p-value will be a number between 0 and 1
The higher the p-value
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chi squared tests
(observed value-expected value)^2 divided by the expected value
Determine the number of degrees of freedom for your test by
taking the total number of terms (columns from data table)
and subtracting one
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Paradigm shifts
massive revisions in scientific thought due to new discoveries or observations
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Scientific consensus
sets of data
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Closed system
all matter or energy in system stays within system
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Open system
matter or energy is lost from the system
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Matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
Matter usually cycles in closed systems
Mineral nutrients like phosphorous or nitrogen
Plant and animal life (biomass)
Pollutants to air
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Energy
the ability to do work
Usually open systems
No mass or volume
Any form of electromagnetic radiation including heat
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Kinetic energy
energy of motion
Includes heat: total kinetic energy from all moving atoms
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electromagnetic radiation
wave form of energy in which wavelength and frequency are inversely related
Longer wavelength \= lower energy
EM radiation categorized according to wavelength/frequency
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Potential energy
stored by matter and potentially available for use
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Biomass
chemical bonds in organic molecules are a form of potential energy
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Chemical energy
Energy stored in bonds between atoms
Chemical reactions release that energy
Chem energy drives organic life
Photosynthesis creates the bonds as glucose/carbohydrates
High-energy bonds broken and replaced by low-energy bonds in respiration
Energy released
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used to drive cellular/body functions in organisms

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biomass
living matter
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The First Law of Thermodynamics
states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical process
Can be converted from one form to another
AKA "Law of Conservation of Energy"
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
when energy changes from one form to another
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High-quality energy
concentrated and can perform useful work (electricity
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Low-quality energy
dispersed and has little ability to do useful work (temperature change in ocean)- HEAT
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entropy
tendency of energy in a system to lost the ability to do work and thereby increase the disorder of the system
Once high-quality energy has been degraded into low-quality energy
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Solstices
days when the Earth is tilted the most and the least towards the sun
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Summer solstice (Northern hemisphere)-
June 21st
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sun is directly overhead at Tropic of Cancer at noon. Furthest tilt towards the sun.
Longest day of the year (most sunlight hours)

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Winter solstice (Northern hemisphere)
December 21st
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sun directly over Tropic of Capricorn at noon. Furthest tilt away from the sun.
Shortest day of the year

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Right ascension
movement of the sun on the x-axis
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right-left motion

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Declination
movement of the sun on the y-axis relative to the lines of the Equinoxes (0° declination)
How high the sun is in the sky
Sun has a fixed declination at solstices and equinoxes
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Altitude
movement of the sun on y-axis relative to the horizon
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4 days with fixed declination
Summer solstice: declination +23.5°
Winter solstice: declination -23.5°
Spring equinox (March 21st): declination 0°
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measuring latitude
90 - sun's altitude + declination
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Geology
the study of dynamic processes occurring in the Earth's interior
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Core
innermost zone
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solid surrounded by molten/semisolid rock

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Mantle
surrounds core
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semi-solid rock surrounded by upper asthenosphere of hot
pliable melted rock
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Crust
outermost and thinnest zone
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lithosphere
continental and oceanic crust plates and rigid outer layer of mantle
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asthenosphere
Top of mantle is asthenosphere
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tectonic plates
rigid plates that make up the crust of the Earth
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Convergent plate boundaries
occur when internal forces
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subduction
Collision between a continental plate and a denser oceanic plate will result in the oceanic plate being pushed down into the mantle
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Subduction zone
area where collision and subduction take place
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Trench
forms at the boundary between two converging plates
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Divergent plate boundaries
occur when two plates move apart from one another
When two oceanic plates move apart
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Transform faults
occur when plates slide and grind past one another along a fracture in the lithosphere
Lithospheric fractures are also known as fault lines
Most occur under the ocean
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Volcanoes
occur where magma rises to the surface through a central vent or long crack (fissure)
Eruptions release rock debris
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Hot spots
areas of volcanic activity that are not associated with plate boundaries
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Earthquakes
occur when stress in the crust causes rocks to warp and fracture
Fault is created
Earthquake occurs when internal stress is released as shock waves
Measured on the Richter scale
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Tsunamis
are large waves generated when part of the ocean floor suddenly rises or drops
Mostly due to movement of thrust faults
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Weather
a region's short term conditions
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Climate
a region's general pattern of atmospheric or weather conditions over a long period of time
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major factors that contribute to a region's climate
The uneven heating of the Earth by the sun
Due to tilt on axis causes seasons
The rotation of the Earth around its axis
Earth spins faster at the Equator and slower at the Poles
Creates the Coriolis Effect
Properties of air
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Coriolis Force
as air flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
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prevailing winds
major surface winds that blow continuously and distribute air
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Jet streams
hurricane-force winds that circle Earth at the top of the troposphere and are a large influence on weather patterns
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Fronts
the leading edges of warm and cold air masses
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Upwelling
an upward movement of ocean water that can produce a mixing of various temperatures of water
Cool
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El Niño/ENSO
El Niño-Southern Oscillation
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occurs when prevailing tropical tradewinds that normally blow westward either weaken or reverse direction
Causes surface water along South and North American coasts to warm up

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Thermocline forms
zone of gradual temperature change in the ocean that separates warm and cold water
Supresses normal upwellings
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Tropical cyclones
formed from low-pressure cells over air over warm tropical seas
Hurricanes are tropical cyclones that form in the Atlantic Ocean
Typhoons are tropical cyclones that form in the Pacific Ocean
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Microclimates
created by land and man-made formations that interrupt the normal flow of air and water currents
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Atmospheric pressure
created by the weight of air pressing down on Earth's surface