Male reproductive system

Scotum

External sac that contains the testes

cooler than the body temp

testes divides by septum

Cremaster muscles

elevate the testes pull the testes up closer to the pelvic floor closer to the body = warmer temps

Dartos muscles

wrinkles the scrotal skin surface area decrease, less heat is lost

tunica albuginea

Fibrous inner capsule

tunica vaginalis

Double layer outer cover that is derived from the peritoneum:

Seminiferous tubule

where sperm is made and is divided into lobules

lobule

contains 1-4coiled seminiferous tubules. Converage on a straight tube

Spermatogenic cell

sperm forming cell

Myoid cells

smooth muscle-like cells surrounding seminiferous tubule that contract to squeeze sperm and testicular fluid through tubules

Interstitial endocrine cells

Produce androgens

Sustenocyte

provides nutrients to developing sperm

Testicular arteries

Branch from abdominal aorta

Pampiniform venous plexus

Testicular veins draining the testes

Intertwined with the artery

Cols downs the artery blood

Spermatic cord

Enclose the nerves, blood vessels and lymphatic

penis structure

Shaft

Glans penis: enlarged tip

Prepuce: forskin

Erectile tissue: corpora

Erectile tissue: corpora

Connective tissue + smooth muscle

Vascular space fills with blood

Crura: proximal ends of cavernosa create legs and anchor together the penis to the pucci arch

Root: collective crura

types of erectile tissue

two types:

Corpora cavernose: makes up most of the tissue. expands in erection compressing drainage blood vessels

Corpora spongiosum: surrounds the urethra. keep urethra open

Epididymis

Tightly coiled structure Wrapped around testes

Make the non motile sperm motile

ejaculation

Muscle of the epididymis contract

Sperm pushed into the ductus vas

Ductus vas

Part of spermatic cord

Joins with the facts of the seminal gland to form ejaculatory duct

Passes through the prostate and empties into the urethra

vasectomy

Cuts the vas deferens

Sperm deteriorates

urethra regions

prostatic : urethrea: pass through the prostate

Intermediate(membranous): passes through the diaphragm

Spongy urethra: runs downs the raft and opens to the exterior

Contains urethral glands that secrete lubricating mucus into the urethral lumen before ejaculation

accessory glands

Seminal glands, prostate, Bulbo urethral glands

Seminal glands,

Makes seminal fluid for semen which enhance sperm motility

join the ductus deferens to mix sperm and seminal fluid at the ejaculatory duct

Prostate

Encircles the urethra

Muscular walls contract during ejaculation

Activates sperm

Bulbo urethral glands

Lubricates the glans penis

Erection process

Sexual excitement promotes release of nitric oxide(NO)

NO relaxes smooth muscle in the penile blood vessel

Vessels dilate

Erectile bodies fill with blood

Ejaculation Mechanism

Urinary bladder sphincter muscle constricts to prevent peeing

Reproductive ducts and accessory glands contact

Bulbospongiosus muscle undergo rapid contraction

resolution: post ejaculation

Blood flow restricted to penis

Refractory period: orgasms can't be achieved for minutes to hours

Spermatogenesis

starting at age 14 process 400 million haploid gametes

until puberty stage of spermatogenesis

Spermatogonia( stem cells)- spermatocytes divide

All daughter cells are spermatogonium

Beginning of puberty of spermatogenesis

Each mitotic division results in 2 types of cells

Type A: spermatogonia to keep the stem cell pool available

Type B: will be pushed into the lumen of tubuleo becomes a primary spermatocyte and will go on to produce four sperm

Spermiogenesis: spermatid -> sperm

takes 24 days Cell elongation Shedding of excess cytoplasm• Formation of a flagella (tail) for motility Occurs as immature sperm are pushed through the seminiferous tubules by testicular fluid

Sustenocytes

Nonreplicating supportive cells for Nutrition, Contractile ability to push cells to the lumen. Produce testicular fluid, Phagocyte faulty sperm

Basil compartment

From lamina to tight junctions

Contains spermatogonia and early spermatocytes

adluminal compartment

Internal to tight junctions

Meiotically active cells

blood testis barrier

Prevents membrane antigens on developing sperms from getting into the bloodstream so the immune system doesn't attack it

DTH and estradiol

can be made from testosterone in the prostate or neurons

effects of testosterone

Promotes spermatogenesis

Increase the size of ducts, glands, and accessory organs

Tougher skin, hair growth

Testicular cancer

Common in young men

Caused by:

Mumps infection

Orchitis

Cryptorchidism- undescended testicles

Prostate cancers

Second most common killer

Possible causes:

Fatty diet

Genetics

XMRV retrovirus

Prostatis

bacterial infection by e coli

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

urethral distortion and prostate blocks flow of urine

Erectile dysfunction

Causes:

Nerves of penis no NO

Psychological

Abuse of alcohol

Diabetes

Blood vessel damage

Infertility