US 2 history final

Sitzkreig

phoney war

1939 - 1940

blitzkreig

Nazi military strategy to act w/speed + surprise

four freedoms speech

• FDR gave speech about 4 freedoms

  • freedom of speech

  • freedom of religion

  • freedom from want

  • freedom from fear

• 1940

Lend - Lease

• 1941

• FDR says US will lend GB war supplies (tanks, planes, weapons, etc.)

• knows supplies will likely be destroyed in battle

Atlantic Charter

• FDR and Churchill meet secretly on a boat of the coast of Canada

Japanese Embargo

Frank Knox

secretary of the Navy when pearl Harbor happened

bataan death march

• at begining of ww2 US + philipennes troops held Bataan peninsula

• forced to evacuate/surrender to Japanese troops

General Wainwright

General Douglas MacArthur

Bushido

Japanese military idea of “death before surrender” —> japanese soldiers would prefer to die/commit suicide than surrender/be captured

Korematsu VS United States

• Korematsu refused to go to the Japanese internment camps

• brought to the supreme court

• RULING: in favor of Japanese interment 6-3 (camps were considered constitutional)

doolittle raid

• US rataliation to Pearl Harbor

• US bombed key japanese military bases and factories

• pilots crash landed + captured

Admiral Chester Nimitz

• battle of the coral sea

Battle of the Coral Sea

Admiral Yamamoto

Island Hopping

US strategy in the pacific to move from island to island to build up bases and get closer to Japan

Admiral Yamamoto

Planned the attack on Pearl Harbor

Navajos

Native american language used as an unbreakabale code during WW2

Battle of Leytes Gulf

• 1944

• Use of Kamikazes by Japan

Kamikazes

Japanese suicide bombers

Battle of Iwo Jima

• 1945

• goal: capture Japanese airfield (makes an invasion of japan easier)

• 1 in 3 killed/wouned

• more marines won a medal of honor than in any other battle

• all Japanese soldiers were killed in action or committed suicide

• famous picture of US soldier raise the US flag was taken during this battle

• Japanese soldiers fought from tunnels inside of Mount Suribachi

Okinawa

• 1945

• the Last Battle

• Allies needed the island to use for a launching point for a full scale invasion of mainland Japan

• Largest + longest battle in the Pacific theater

• Amphibious assault (2nd largest ever)

• Japan had the high ground

Vichy, France

• puppet gov’t

• french technically in charge, but Germany pulling the strings

Operation Torch

• 1942

• Allied invasion of french north africa

• GB + US troops in Casablanca, Moroco, and Algerian cities (Oran and Algers)

• goals: secure victory in N. Africa and Suez canal (oil reasons) + relive pressure from USSR by opening up a second front

Erwin Rommel

• the “Desert Fox”

• German general

• Well trained in desert warfare

• didn’t think fighting the Allies in North Africa was a good idea

Battle of El Alamein

• 1942

• Allies attacked rommel’s Afrika Korps

• Allies led by Montgomery

• Rommel wanted to retreat, but Hitler forced him to continue fighting

• 1st glimmer of hope that the allies might win

Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery

• British military leader

• short king —> Napoleon complex

Battle of Kasserine pass

• feb 1943

• 1st US ground troops fought —> young + inexperienced

• General George Patton takes over command

• Axis win

MVP of European theater

Sherman tank —> fast light, turns quickly

Generla George Patton

• US general

• battle of kasserine pass

battle of Britain

• Allied win

• Royal Air Force (RAF) defend the UK against the Luftwaffe

Luftwaffe

Germain air force

Operation Sea Lion

• German plan for an amphibious invasion of Great Britain

• never happened

The soft underbelly of Europe

Italy

Operation Husky

• allied invasion of Sicily

• Italians happy to see Allies —> thought of Allies as liberators + had been under Mussolini’s regime for 2 decades

Operation Mincemeat

• hoax set up to trick the Axis powers into thinking the Allies weren’t going to invade sicily

• dead body w/forged documents used

Battle of monte cassino

• monastery located high up on a high

• fierce fighting

• US dilemma —> bombs/damage to the monestary would loose support of Catholics (US + Italy have large populations)

• Germany had high ground + were already dug in —> took the US longer than expected

Anzio

• Jan 1944 —> allies land here

• located close to Rome

Fall of Rome

• Took Allies 4 ½ months to fight from Anzio to Rome + for Rome to surrender

Quisling

Italian version of Benedict Arnold

Operation overlord

• D Day

• plan to invade Nazi occupied france at Normandy

D Day (date)

June 6th 1944

Dwight D Eisenhower

• Supreme allied commander during ww2

Operation Fortitude

• deception plan

• fake tanks barracks created to trick Germany into thinking the Allies were invading someplace other than Normandy

Maquis

The French resistance

• disrupted railways

• sabotaged phone/telegraph lines

• helped downed pilots escape France

Atlantic Wall

• Nazi defenses on the coast of France

• 2400 mile fortification (concrete bunkers, landmines, underwater obstacles)

• Allied forces faced this when invading on D Day

Yalta Conference

• begining of 1945

• big 3 (FDR, Churchill, Stalin) met at Yalta in the USSR

• Planned post war peace

  • USSR territorial gains

  • USSR enerting war w/Japan after Germany defeated

  • Germany broken into quadrants

  • decided the UN would replace the league of nations

  • Germany would have to pay reparations

Potsdam Conference

• July 1945

• took place in Potsdam, Germany

• Stalin, Truman, and Clement Attlee

• reestablish post war oder

• peace treaties

Clement Attlee

• GB prim minister at the end of WW2

Truman Doctrine

• President truman said all democratic nations must “contain” communism + prevent it from spreading

Marshall plan

• sec of state George Marshal returned from a trip to Europe

• saw terrible suffering and missery in Europe

• allocated $16 billion to help rebuild Europe

• US motivation: other cuntries in debt to the US, spread of communism prevented, and better foreign economies means more people to trade with

Chinese Civil War

• Chiang Kai-Shek —> leach of China nationalists (anti-communists)

• Mao Zedong —> communist leader

  • winner

• Nationalists are executed or escape to Taiwan

• ended in 1949

U-2 spy plane

HUAC

• committee on unAmerican activities

• launched a series of investigations into alleged communist activites created a blacklist of people not to hire because of pst communist connections

who killed lee harvey oswald?

Jack ruby

who killed JFK

lee harvey oswald

Plessy vs Ferguson

• 1896

• upheld separate but equal doctrine —> allowed legal segregation

NAACP

• 1909

• goal: eliminate racial discrimination and prejudice

CORE

• Congress of racial equality

• focused on non-violent, passive resistance

the lost year

Gov. Faubus closed public schools for 1 year in Arkansas rather than desegregate schools

Freedom riders

black and white people got on greyhound buses + didn’t sit according to segregation

• buses attacked in alabama (set on fire w/people inside)

James Meredith

Applied + got into Ole Miss

• Ole Miss refused to let him attend classes when they found out he was black

• Federal Marshalls had to escort him to his classes

Letter from Birmingham jail 

• attack dogs and fire hoses used on protestors as well

MLK arrested and put in jail in Birmingham

bombingham

Birmingham

Byron De La Beckwith

Shelby County vs Holder

• Supreme Court descision 5-4

• Asking for no more federal oversight + got it

• overturning means it is now harder for people to prove discrimination in voting

Birmingham Bombing

• 1963

• KKK members bombed a church, killing 4 young black girls

Black Lives Matter

• 2013

• Trayvon Martin (17 + black) shot by George Zimmerman in florida

Baltimore Riots

• 2015

• Freddie Gray arrested w/a knife

• put in the back of a police van w/out being buckled in

• died in the van

• massive protests and riots in response

• violence got so bad that curfews were put in place

• no officers were convicted

Charlottesville Protests

• 2017

• Lots of statues of confederate soldiers in the area —> starting to be taken down

• White nationalists rally in protest of the removal of the confederate statues

• known as “Unite the Right”

• shouted things like “Jews will not replace us”

• met by counter protestors

• car plowed into protestors

George Floyd 2020

• Floyd was suspected of trying to use a fake $20 bill

• video of a police officer w/his knee on Floyd’s back for 9 minutes

• video went viral + brought a lot of attention to situation

• Riots, looting, and protests in response

• All officers sentenced

  • main officer responsible sentenced to 22.5 years in jail

SALT 2

• treaty between the US and USSR

• limited the manufacture of nuclear weapons

• during Carter’s presidency

INF treaty

• 1987 —> Reagan’s 2nd term

• reduced the weapons the US and USSR could have

• (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces treaty)

Berlin Wall Treaty

• 1990

• ended the division of Germany

video game war

1st gulf war

17th Parallel

Vietnam split into North and South here

Yalu River

Separates China and Korea

38th Parallel

Separate North and South Korea

The workhorse of Vietnam

the helicopter

General William Westmoreland

• general in charge of Vietnam war under president Johnson

• gave an overly optimistic view of how the Vietnam war was going

First time US ground troop saw action in Vietnam

the battle of Da Nang

Students for a Democratic Society

• SDS

• increasing militant youth group

• wants to overthrow the government and college administrations

stimson doctrine

us not recognizing japan as having contro of manchuria