Vet anatomy/ physiology

Anatomy

Form/ structure of body

Physiology

Functions of body/ parts

Microscopic anatomy

Structures too small to see with eye so seen with microscope

Gross anatomy

Macroscopic anatomy, body parts seen with naked eye

Bilateral symmetry

L and R halves of animal are mirror images of each other

What are structural systems

Framework/ transport system

What is the coordinating system

Control mechanisms

What are visceral systems

Basic functional systems

What are the levels of body organization

cells to tissues to organs to systems

What are cells

Basic function units of life

What is tissues and ex

Specialized group of cells creating tissues, Epithelial, Connective, Muscle

What are organs

Group of tissues

What are some sub cellular elements

Major- O2, CO2, H2O, Nitrogen Minor- calcium, phosphorus, sodium, sulfur, potassium

What are organic compounds

Contain carbon element and have covalent bonds

What are inorganic compounds

No carbon have ionic bonds

What is diffusion

Movement of molecule of liquid/ gas down tp concentration gradient

What is osmosis

Water through semi- permeable membrane from fluid low concentration to high.

What is isotonic

Fluid have same osmotic pressure as plasma

What is hypotonic

Fluid has lower osmotic pressure then plasma ( with fluid intake may explode)

What is hypertonic

Fluid have higher osmotic pressure then plasma ( with fluid intake may shrivel)

what is fluid balance

consuming the same amount of water that is lost

how do animals intake water

eating moist foods, water of oxidation

how do animals loose water

sweating, urinating, defecating, vomiting, elevated body temps

what is edema and ex

abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissue pulmonary edema

what is a cation

positively charged ion with fewer electrons

what are some major organic compounds

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid

what are some ex of carbs

simple carbs- monosaccharide- glucose/ fructose Disaccharide- sucrose Complex carbs- polysaccharide- starches

what are some examples of lipids

steroids-cholesterol fat soluble vitamins- A D E K

what does the cell membrane do

transport system

what is the cytoplasm

fluid inside the cell, contains nucleus/ organells

what is the nucleus

control center, maintains DNA/RNA and protein synthesis

what are some major parts in the nucleus

nucelar envelope, nucleoplasm, chromatin, nucleolus

what is the mitochondria

power house of the call, produces ATP

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

transport/ storage of cell materials rough- site of protein production smooth- synthesize/ stores lipids

what to the ribosomes do

main site of protein synthesis made of 2 subunits

what is the golgi apparatus

packages/ distribute proteins for cell use

what are lysosomes

contain hydrolytic enzymes to digest materials

what are peroxisomes

enzymes using O2 to detox harmful substances

what is the endocytosis

transports large particles/ liquids into cell by engulfing them

what is phagocytosis

cells engulf solid materials and move by amoeboid motions

what is pinocytosis

cells engulf liquid material

what is receptor mediated endocytosis

occurs in cells with specific proteins in plasma membranes

what is somatic cells/ germ cells

somatic cells- all other cells germ cells- reproductive cells

what are the cellular junctions

tight junctions desmosomes gap junctions basement membrane

what is tight junctions

fused of outermost layers of plasma, no leaks

what is desmosomes

connect plasma membranes of adjacent cells found in tissues repeated tension/ stretching

what is gap junction

exchange/ passage of ions/ nutrients cells linked by tubular channel proteins

what is the basal lamina

basement membrane, foundation of epithelia cell prevent cells being torn off

how are the classification of epithelia

number of layers of cell (simple/ stratified) shape of cells (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) presence of surface specialization (cilia, keratin)

where do you find stratified squamous epithelium

mouth, esophagus or vagina

where do you find stratified cuboidal epithelium

sweat glands, mammary glands salivary glands

where do you find stratified columnar epithelium

in respiratory digestive or reproductivity systems

where do you find transitional epithelium

uterus, urethra, bladder

how do you classify glands

presence/ absence number of cells composing them shape of secreting ducts complexity of glandular structure type of secretion produced manner in which secretion is stored/ discharged

what are included in exocrine glands

possess ducts, discharge secretions directly into local areas, unicellular/ multicellular EX- musk, sweat, pancreas

what is included in the endocrine glands

no ducts/ tubules, produce/ secrete hormones into bloodstream

EX- pituitary/ adrenal glands

what is an example of a unicellular exocrine gland and EX

goblet cell secretes mucin

EX- conjunctive of eye

what is an example of a multicellular exocrine gland

composed of secretory unit/ duct surrounded by blood vessels and controlled by hormones/ nervous influences

what is merocrine class

secretory cells remain intact and packaged/ released by exocytosis

what is the apocrine class

glands store secretion, and top part released into duct system

what is holocrine class

gland store secretions, entire cell destroyed in act of releasing product

what are the types of secretions exocrine glands can produce

serous (watery, high concentration of enzyme)

mucous (thick, composed of glycoproteins)

Both

what are some connective tissue proper

loose connective tissue and dense connective tissues

what is a loose connective tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular

what is a dense connective tissue

dense regular tissue, dense irregular tissue and elastic tissue

what is areolar tissue and what does it do

tangle of random fibers/ cells suspended in thick ground substances, predominant cell= fibroblast, surrounds/ supports, provides nutrients, in ALL MM

EX- edema

what is adipose tissue and what does it do

highly vascular, white/ brown adipose, energy storehouse, thermal insulator, mechanical shock absorber

what is reticular tissue and what does it do

forms framework for stroma

EX- spleen, bone marrow

what is a dense regular connective tissue and what does it do

avascular

EX- tendons, ligaments

dense irregular connective tissue and what does it do

thicker bundles of collagen in dense regular

EX- dermis of skin

what is elastic connective tissue and what does it do

interwoven pattern with fibroblasts and collagen

EX- spaces between vertebrae

what are some specialized connective tissues

cartilage, bone and blood

what is hyaline cartilage and where is it located

most common, enclosed with perichondrium

EX- tracheal rings

what is the elastic cartilage and where is it located

flexible withstand repeated bending

EX- epiglottis of larynx

what is fibrocartilage and where is it located

merged with hyaline cartilage/ dense connective tissue and no perichondrium

EX- knee joint, between bones in pelvis

what are membranes and what are the common types

thin protective layers of tissues linked together

mucous, serous, cutaneous and synovial

what is mucosae

lines organs with connections outside environment, produce large quantities of mucus and can absorb

what is musus made of

water, electrolytes and protein mucin

what is serosae

line walls/ covers organs that fill closed body cavities

what is transudate

thin watery serosal fluid

what is integument

organ always exposed to outside environment (epidermis) and attached to underlying layer (dermis)

what is included in smooth muscles

non- striated ( small spindle shaped cells) involuntary (not consciously controlled) responsible for peristalsis

EX- urinary bladder, stomach

what is included in cardiac muscle

connected by intercalated disks, striated and involuntary

what is included in nervous tissues

neurons ( perikaryon, dendrites, axon) and neuroglial cells (supply nutrients, provide framework, dont transmit impulses, isolate conductive membranes)

what are the steps in tissue healing/ repairing

injury

inflammation- response to injury (edema, clot formation)

Organization- granulation tissue formed

regeneration- epithelialization covers granulation tissues

what are the class of wound healing

1st intention- wound edges close no scarring

2nd intention- wound edges separated from each other causing scarring

what are the functions of the skin

protection, sensory, secretion, production, storage, thermoregulation, communication

what is included in the skin structure

epidermis ( corneum, lucidum, granulosum, germinativvm) dermis hypodermis

what are some cells of the epidermis and what do they do

keratinoctye (resiliency/ strength

melanocyte (pigment)

langerhans cell (phagocytizes microninavders)

Merkel cell (sensory nerve endings)

what is included in the dermis

dense irregular connective tissue, have hair follicles, nerve ending, glands, blood vessels and have 2 layers papillary layer and reticular layer

what is included in the papillary layer

thin superficial layer, looping blood vessels/ nerve endings meissners corpuscles

meissners corpuscles

nerve ending/ pain receptors and touch receptors

what is included in the reticular layer

80% dermis, indistinct boundary between papillary layer, have tension lines dermal folds

what is included in hypodermis layer

skin moves freely over underlying structures, pacinian corpuscles- touch receptor

MSH

melanocyte stimulation hormone

what is the planum nasale

usually pigmented top of the nose aglandular (except in sheep, pig, cow)

what are some skin glands

sebaceous, sweat and mammary

what is some more info about sebaceous glands

located in dermis, simple/ complex alveolar structure produce sebum, lanolin and ducts empty into hair follicle/skin

EX- penis, eyelid, ear canal

what is so more info on sebum

oily, sebum coats base of hair/ surrounding skin (traps moisture, keeps skin/ hair soft, reduced risk of infection)

what is some more info on tail glands

dorsal sign on tail, ID from one animal to another