Bio regents

Theory

An explanation of natural events that is supported by strong evidence

Misconception

The incorrect use of the word theory

Controlled experiment

Compares the results of an Experiment between two or more groups

Experimental group

Group being tested or receiving treatment

Control group

Normal group, should be identical to the experimental in every way except one: it does not revive the new treatment

Placebo

A sugar pill or other fake treatment given to the control group

The most common elements in living things (in order)

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen and nitrogen (chon)

Organic compounds have…

Carbon and hydrogen (carbon is organic, H20 is not)

Carbohydrates are made of…

Sugars and starches

What do enzymes break down?

Starches and complex sugars into simple sugars

What do lipids store?

Energy, fats, oils and waxes

What are proteins made of?

Amino acids

What do receptor molecules do?

They are on the cell membrane and they are used to receive chemical messages (like hormones)

Antibodies

Proteins that fight infection

Hormones

Chemical messengers

Enzymes

Catalysts made from proteins (catalysts affect the speed of chemical reactions)

What do very high temperatures do to enzymes?

Lose there shape so they no longer work properly (this is why high fevers are dangerous)

What is pH?

A scale that measures the strengths of acids and bases on a scale of 0 to 14

What if the pH of water?

7 (neutral)( low pH is 0-6 and an acid)( high pH 8-14 and is a base)

Homeostasis

A balanced state in an organism

Dynamic equilibrium

When the body stays balanced by taking action whenever it’s disturbed (like sweating when the body is too hot)

What are the basic life functions?

Transport,nutrition,excretion, respiration,growth,synthesis,regulation

What is DNA made of?

bases (A-T , G-C)

Metabolism

is the term used to describe all life processes

Diffusion

the movement of molecules from high concentrations to low concentrations (it requires no energy)

Active transport

the movement of molecules moving from a low concentration to a high concentration (against the flow of diffusion)

Osmosis

the diffusion of water into or out of the cell

photosynthesis

takes sun energy and puts it in the bond of sugar molecules

Xylem and Phloem

carry food and water throughout a plant

Respiration

the process that takes energy from sugar molecules and places in the molecules of ATP

Aerobic respiration

requires oxygen and yields more ATP (energy) for a molecule of sugar than anaerobic(no oxygen) respiration

Regulation

the coordination and control of other life functions

neuron

a nerve cell

impulse

an electrical signal carried by nerves

neurotransmitters

chemicals that help carry an impulse

hormone

a chemical signal secreted by different glands in the body

receptor molecules

proteins on the surface of the cell membrane that receive signals from the nervous system and endocrine system

cell theory

all living things are made of 1 or more cells

cells carry out all organisms life functions

all cells come from other cells

what has centrioles?

animal cells (plant cells don’t)

what does the cell membrane control?

the movement of things in and out of the cell

what is the cell membrane made of?

lipids and proteins (it shows selective permeability only some molecules can pass through)

what can pass through freely through the cell membrane through diffusion?

small molecules (oxygen,water,carbon dioxide, and sugars)

what can not pass through the cell membrane without the help of transport proteins?

large molecules (proteins and starches)

active transport

when a cell uses ATP to move a molecule

what are the basic types of protein in the cell membrane?

receptor proteins

transport proteins

antigens

what is the order of cells to organ systems?

cells, tissues,organs,organ systems

tissues

groups of cells specialized to do certain jobs

specialization or differentiation

the process that changes a stemcell into a specialized tissue

stem cells

cells that have not yet been specialized

nervous system

regulates the body with electrochemical impulses

spinal chord

controls reflexes and relays impulses between the brain and body

endocrine system

uses hormones to regulate the body

pancreas

makes insulin and glucagon to control blood sugar

circulatory system

moves material (water, nutrients,hormones, waste) through the body to cells that need them

heart

the pump that drives the circulatory system

red blood cells

carry oxygen

white blood cells

fight disease

plasma

the fluid of the blood, it transports everything except oxygen

platelets

clot the blood

diaphragm

the muscle that allows breathing to occur

alveoli

microscopic sacs where oxygen enters the blood and Carbon dioxide leaves the blood, the alveoli are surrounded by capillaries

immune system

protects the body against pathogens

Antigen

protein tags that that can be used to identify a cell or virus, cells or viruses that have a different antigens then yours will cause an immune response

antibodies

proteins made by white blood cells to attack antigens

excretory system

removes metabolic cellular waste

lungs

excrete carbon dioxide and water and skin execrates sweat

kidneys

filter waste from blood and reabsorb nutrients

liver

filters toxins and dead red blood cells from the blood

Aids

caused by HIV virus (a pathogen), weakens the human immune system, leaving the body vulnerable

cancer

when a cell reproduces at an uncontrolled rate forming a tumor , cancer cells don’t specialize and take resources from healthy tissue

diabetes

affects the bodies ability to control blood sugar

allergies

when the immune system reacts to a harmless substance

Asthma

an allergic reaction to pollen, dust mites or mold particles in the air

Asexual reproduction

offspring are the same as parent, made through mitosis

sexual reproduction

variation among offspring,gametes made through meiosis

how much of each chromosome from the parent cell does the daughter cell get?

one half

what is a fertilized egg called?

a zygote

A zygote turns into a ____ then a _____?

embryo then into a fetus

placenta

transfers nutrients and oxygen from the mothers blood into the blood of the fetus through the process of diffusion

cleavage

when cells divide without becoming larger

differentiation

when cells form different types of cells (nerve, skin, bone, etc.)

how many chromosomes does each gamete carry?

23 each (46 in one human)

chromosome pair

carry alles for the same trait, we have two alleles for each gene- 1 from each parent

alleles

a different form of a gene

mutations

changes to DNA

what are common mutagenic agents?

radiation,chemicals and viruses

all cells contain the ________

same genes , only some of these genes are turned on

selective breeding

produces animals and plants with desired traits

gene splicing

inserts genes of one organism into the genes of another. Enzymes are used to cut and copy the DNA segments.

natural selection

the mechanism that causes species to change.

what is evolution driven by?

changes in the environment

what must happen in order from species to evolve?

variation must exist in a species before the environment changes

gradualism

the idea that says evolutionary change occurs slowly.

Punctuated equilibrium

the idea that evolution happens in quick bursts.

classification

when Organisms are classified based on their evolutionary relationship.

kingdoms

large groups of related organisms (fungi, bacteria, protists,animals, plants).

what is needed to keep an ecosystem going?

energy

Sun

the main source of energy for all living things

environmental factors

determines which organisms can live in a ecosystem (air,water,light,temperature,pH, food, predators, etc.)

what is an example of an environmental factor?

air,water,light,temperature,pH, food, predators