Week 2 - Great Educators, Relational Practice, Ethics and Learning Theories

What do students want the most out of a good educator?

Approachability.

What is relational practice?

A reflexive, responsive approach to inquire into the patient's lived experiences and health care needs.

What are 3 levels of relational inquiry?

- Intrapersonal

- Interpersonal

- Contextual

Intrapersonal refers to a person's thoughts and feelings, while interpersonal is the interactions between people, and contextual is the context surrounding a person's experience (True/False).

True

1 multiple choice option

What is relational orientation?

A way of thinking and focusing your attention to the inter, intra, and contextual levels of a situation.

What is inquiring action?

Continuously asking questions to gain a deeper understanding of a situation.

What are reference points?

Things that we compare our other experiences on to shape how we see and interpret the world.

What is ethics?

The guiding principles of behaviour.

What are moral values?

Our internal belief system.

What is an ethical dilemma?

A moral conflict where two or more ethical principles apply with inconsistent courses of action.

What is a moral dilemma?

A moral conflict where one can choose to either do what they think is right or wrong.

What are legal rights and duties?

Rules that govern practice and are enforced by law.

What is autonomy?

Right to self-determination.

What is veracity?

Truth telling.

What is confidentiality?

Protected personal information that may not be disclosed.

What is nonmalificience?

The ethical principle of doing no harm.

What is malpractice?

Negligence by a professional person.

What is negligience?

Any improper or wrongful conduct.

What is benificience?

The ethical principle of doing good to benefit others.

What is justice?

Fairness.

What is praxis?

Integration of theory and practice.

How does behaviourism define learning?

Observable behavioural change that occurs in response to environmental stimuli.

What is the focus of behaviourist learning theory?

Modifying the environment to change the stimulus and therefore change the response.

The learner is active in behaviourist learning theory and reacts to the environment (True/False).

False

1 multiple choice option

What is the task of the educator in behaviourist learning theory?

Manipulating the stimuli.

What are some examples of behaviourist theory being applied in health care?

- Systemic desensitization

- Stimulus generalization

- Operant conditioning

What are some critiques of behaviourist learning theory?

- Teacher-centered

- Assumes learner is passive and can be manipulated

- Defining desirable behaviour is hard

- Promotes materialism

- Developed through animal studies

- Learner behaviour may dwindle over time

What is the focus of cognitive learning theory?

The internal needs of the learner.

The learner is self-directed in cognitive learning theory (True/False).

True

What motivates learners to learn with cognitive learning theory?

Their goals and expectations.

Cognitive learning theory requires learners to be rewarded to reinforce learning (True/False).

False

1 multiple choice option

What are 6 cognitive learning sub-theories?

- Gestalt

- Information processing

- Cognitive development

- Social learning theory

- Social constructivism

- Social cognition

What does the Gestalt theory emphasize?

The importance of perception in learning.

What is the main assumption of the Gestalt theory?

Each person perceives, interprets, and responds to learning in their own way.

What are 4 key principles of the Gestalt theory?

- People pay attention to certain information while screening out competing information

- Psychological organization is directly toward simplicity, equilibrium and regularity

- Perception is selective

- Perception is influenced by how an event is structured

What are the 4 stages of information processing?

- Attention

- Processing

- Memory storage

- Action

What is involved in the attention stage of information processing?

Paying attention to sensory stimuli.

What is involved in the processing stage of information processing?

The information is processed by the senses.

What is involved in the memory stage of information processing?

The information is transported to short-term memory and either disregarded or stored in long-term memory.

What is involved in the action stage of information processing?

The response that the individual undertakes based on how information was processed and stored.

What is working memory?

When we actively use short-term memory.

Memory is only incorporated into long-term memory through elaborate rehearsal (True/False).

True

What is andragogy?

The art and science of teaching adults.

Andragogy is more content-oriented than problem-centered (True/False).

False

1 multiple choice option

What does social learning theory pose?

We learn a lot through role modelling and not direct experiences

What are the 4 steps that directs social learning?

- Attentional phase

- Retention phase

- Reproduction phase

- Motivational phase

What happens during the attentional phase?

The learner witnesses role-model behaviour

What happens during the retention phase?

The learner stores and retrieves what was observed.

What happens during the reproduction phase?

The learner performs the observed behaviour.

What happens during the motivational phase?

The learner repeats the behaviour again.

What are 2 principles of social constructivism?

- A person's social identity influences their thoughts and perceptions

- Learning occurs through social interaction, collaboration, and negotiation

What is the focus of social cognition?

The influence of social factors on perception, thought, and motivation.

What are some critiques of cognitive learning theory?

- Hard to know what is going on in someone's mind

- Educators are responsible for helping individuals learn how to learn

What is the focus of psychodynamic learning theory?

How motivation affects learners.

What is the central idea behind psychodynamic learning theory?

Behaviour may be conscious or unconscious.

What is the educator's task in psychodynamic learning theory?

To make people think about how their thinking drives their behaviour.

What are some critiques of psychodynamic theory?

- Difficult to measure and operationalize results

- Requires a lot of training to be used appropriately

What is the main assumption of humanistic learning theory?

Every individual is unique with a desire to learn and grow.

Where is motivation derived from according to humanistic learning theory?

Individual needs, perspectives, and feelings of self.

How is learning facilitated according to humanistic learning theory?

Through curiosity and promoting freedom of choice.

What are 2 concepts that are important to consider with humanistic learning theory?

- Self-concept

- Self-esteem

What is the role of an educator using humanistic learning theoy?

Listener and resource provider.

What are some critiques of humanistic learning theory?

- Creates learners who struggle with feedback

- Burden of thinking for themselves

- Can make the learner and educator uncomfortable

What is neuropsychology?

The study of psychological behaviour as it relates to the brain and CNS.

Neuropsychology is a theory that validates existing theories through neuroscience (True/False).

False

1 multiple choice option

What are 3 key take aways from neuropsychology?

- Brain processing is unique

- Meaningful practice strengthens learning

- Stress can interferes with learning

What are some critiques of neuropsychology?

- Research is still in early stages

- Often based on animal studies

What is included in the LEARNS model?

- Listen

- Establish

- Adopt

- Reinforce

- Name

- Strengthen

What is motor learning?

A set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for movement.

What is motor performance?

The initial acquisition of a skill but not necessarily a long-term retention of that skill.

Bacon was trying to learn how to do a backflip and manages to do one after 10 tries. However, he knows that performance does not equal learning, so he continues to practice the skill everyday. Is he correct in his thinking?

Yes, he's an absolute genius!

Motor learning involves practice and retention (True/False).

True

1 multiple choice option

What are the 3 stages of motor learning?

- Cognitive stage

- Associative stage

- Autonomous stage

What is involved in the cognitive stage of motor learning?

The learner works to develop an overall understanding of the skill, requiring focus and attention.

What is involved in the associative stage of motor learning?

The learner works on more consistent performance.

Feedback is more important than visual cues during the associative stage of motor learning (True/False).

True

1 multiple choice option

What is involved in the autonomous stage of motor learning?

Speed and efficiency of the skill improves, requiring little attention or conscious information processing.

What are some strategies to implement in the cognitive stage of motor learning?

- Emphasize purpose of the skill

- Point out similarities to other skills

- Minimize distractions

- Use clear/concise instructions

- Demonstrate ideal performance

- Break down skill into parts

- Encourage learner to verbalize instructions

- Point out distance and speed of movement

- Emphasize importance of controlled movement

- Use a variety of feedback

- Provide guidance, but make room for errors

What are some strategies to implement in the associative stage of motor learning?

- Increase complexity of skill

- Increase level of distraction

- Encourage independent practice

- Practice with greater variety of movements

- Decreased guidance

- Continue giving feedback

What are 3 types of motor learning variables?

- Pre-practice

- Practice

- Feedback

What are pre-practice variables?

Variables that influence motor learning even before the learner begins to practice the skill (Ex. Motivation, attention, goal setting, and understanding).

What are practice variables?

Variables that influence motor learning during the practice of the skill (Ex. Amount, type, and variability of practice).

What are different types of practice?

- Massed practice

- Distributed practice

- Variability of practice

- Part-practice

- Whole-practice

- Discovery learning

What is massed practice?

Type of practice that is sequenced, in which work periods are run close together with little to no rest.

What is distributed practice?

Type of practice in which practice periods are spaced with longer intervals of rest.

What is variability of practice?

Type of practice that involves practicing in a variety of conditions.

What is part-practice?

Type of practice in which tasks are broken down into parts.

What is whole-practice?

Type of practice that involves practicing the task all at once.

What is discovery learning?

Type if practice in which the learner is presented with a challenging and yet achievable task.

What are 2 types of feedback?

- Intrinsic

- Extrinsic

What is intrinsic feedback?

The sensory and perceptual information that arises when a movement is produced and can include both visual and somatosensory information.

What is extrinsic feedback?

Information provided to the learner from an outside source (Ex. Nurse or biofeedback).

What is knowledge of result (KR)?

Feedback about the outcome relative to the goal.

What is knowledge of performance (KP)?

Feedback about the movement to achieve the goal.

What are key considerations when giving feedback?

- Learners have preferences for feedback

- Immediate feedback is effective

- Focus on behaviour that can be changed

- Feedback should be positive and constructive

- Feedback should be given privately

- Feedback should be related to improvement

What is the fading of feedback?

The process of decreasing the rate at which feedback is given.