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Popular recreation

The sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain

Characteristics of popular recreation

limited transport and communications

widespread illiteracy

harsh society

long working hours

fuedal system

The sports of popular recreation

Mob football- localised, male-dominated, played by the working class, uncodified, uncontrolled

Real tennis- exclusive to upper class, codified, high moral code, purpose built facilities

Foot racing- A form of competitive running/ walking in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries involving feats of endurance, wagering of upper class

Wenlock Olympic Games

Started in 1850 where Wenlock set up Olympian class to promote moral and physical values

First games in October 1850 with mixture of athletics and country sports

1890- Baron Pierre de Coubertin visited and was inspired and formed the modern Olympic society

Rational recreation

Sports and pastimes for the lower classes which were designed by the middle classes to be well organised and controlled

Characteristics of rational recreation

Respectability

Regularly played

Codified

Purpose built facilities

Officials

Skills based

Urbanisation

A large number of people migrating from rural to towns and cities

Effects of urbanisation (pos+neg)

first half- overcrowding, lack of leisure time, lack of income, poor health and hygiene, loss of rights, lack of public provisions

second half- health and hygiene improved, public baths, inc wages and leisure time, devl middle class, ex public school boys, improved transport and communications

Transport revolution

development of steam trains allowing an improved access to the country

Impacts of transport revolution

Movement of spectators and teams

Improved access to the country

Cheaper train travel

Improved access to the countryside

Improved communications

Increased awareness and knowledge of sport

Emergence of sporting heroes

Spread news of matches easily

Role models arise

Impact of the Church

Changing views to promote sport

Church facilities provided facilities

Clergy approved of sport

YMCA, Boys Brigade, Scouts

Impact of the middle class

Codification- same game played everywhere

Formed competitions- leagues, cups, factory teams

Public provisions- better hygiene meant they had more energy

Increased leisure time- time to watch and play

Move to professionalism- early commercialisation

British Empire

Teachers- development of teams and taught sporting values in the empire

Factory Owners- set up teams and gave people time off to play nationally and internationally

Clergy- made teams and took sport abroad as they believed it promoted good Christian values

Army- played in free-time to spread sport

Diplomat- travelled the world and took sport with them

NGBs- codified and established leagues and competitions which spread internationally

Amateurs (industrial)

A person who plays sport for the love of it and not for financial gain

- amateur code: stresses participation in sport purely for the sake of it

Professional (industial)

A person who plays sport for financial gain

- professional code: emphasis on winning

Values of amateurism

Manliness, robustness, striving and physical endeavour

Appreciating the value of health and fitness

Appreciating the value of rule-regulated activity

High moral integrity

Values of professionalism

Upper class

High status in society

Wealth and time

Natural talent

High morality and character building

Amateurs (modern-day)

Does is still evident through sportsmanship and fair-play

Amateurism is still viewed positively and is promoted such as shaking hands

Lower status

No class distinctions

Based on personal performance and merit

Professionals (modern-day)

Based on talent

High rewards through media and sponsorship

More time to train

Celebrity stats and wealth

Positive role models

Characteristics of commercialisation

Professional sport

Sponsorship and business

Entertainment

Contracts

Athletes as commodities

Wide media coverage

Effects of commercialisation on Sport

✓: breaks in play to advertise

✓: competition formats change

✓: technology inc experience

✖: women receive less coverage

✖: can slow down action

Effects of commercialisation on Performers

✓: high income

✓:full time training

✓:paid for successful result

✓: can become household names

✖: controlled by sponsor

✖: under pressure to perform

Golden Triangle

Sport, media, business

If the performer is doing well it will bring more media attention and people to the sport. Sponsors will be attracted to get their business shown, bringing more money to the sport to buy players and equipment to raise standards

Development of tennis

Late 19th century: lower classes excluded, walls and hedges installed

Use specialist equipment as middle class could afford equipment

Played by both genders as a social game

Development of track and field

Became popular from urbanisation

Purpose built facilities created

Athletics became very popular due to wagering among upper classes

1866: AAC formed and excluded professionals

1880: AAA opened it to everyone, still unacceptable for women

Development of football

FA formed 1863

1848 Cambridge Uni produced widely accepted rules

1927: BBC began live footage

maximum wage was prevalent until 1961

1995: Bosman ruling

Women in football

Equal opportunities- more sports available and became socially acceptable

Increased media coverage

Female role models

More provisions from school programmes and national curriculum

More free time

Society

An organised group of people associated for a specific purpose or shared interest

Socialisation

The lifelong process of learning the skills, customs, attitudes, norms and values in order to take place in their society

Internalisation

The learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself

Primary socialisation

Socialisation by the family in the early stages of life

Secondary socialisation

Occurs during the later years when the family is less involved and others exert more of an influence

Gender socialisation

The act of learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles through socialisation

Social control

Attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behaviour

Social change

The transformation of a culture over time

Examples of social change

This Girl Can: try to increase women participation in sport

Cricket4change: aims to get those in disadvantaged ethnic minority groups into sport

Social issues

Problem that affect many people within a society

Inequality

The unfair situation where resources or opportunities are distributed unevenly within society

Examples of inequality

Lack of money

Lack of confidence

Lack of role models

Myths or stereotypes about the capabilities of a group

Social stratification

A type of social inequality where society is divided into different levels on the basis of their social characteristics, such as wealth and status

Social action theory

A way of viewing socialisation, emphasising social action

- relationships of people who share similar views

Interactionist approach

The study of how individuals behave within a society

- communication and interaction

Equal opportunities

The right to access the same opportunities regardless of factors such as race, gender etc

Prejudice

To form an unfavourable opinion of an individual, often based on inadequate facts

Discrimination

The unfair treatment of a person to make a distinction and act on a predjudice

- overt

- covert

Stereotyping

A standardised image making simple generalisations about all members of a group and treat them accordingly

Barriers to participation: gender

Body image issues-

Fewer competitions and leagues-

Stereotypes-

Domestic responsibilities-

Lack of female role models-

Religion-

Lack of media coverage-

Channelling of women into specific sports-

Solutions to participation: gender

Body image issues- private facilities, variety of images

Fewer competitions and leagues- increased sponsors

Stereotypes- education to reduce it

Domestic responsibilities- encourage shared responsibilities, greater social exception

Lack of female role models- increased media coverage

Religion- clothing adaptations, reduce stigma

Lack of media coverage- increase media coverage

Channelling of women into specific sports- sex discrimination laws

Barriers to participation: disability

Negative self-image

Low income levels

Lack of accessibility

Lack of organised programmes

Lack of media coverage

Lack of specialist coaches and equipment

Stereotypes

Solutions to participation: disability

Negative self-image- more opportunities for success

Low income levels- more investment into programmes for disabled

Lack of accessibility- provide transport, improve access

Lack of organised programmes

Lack of media coverage- promote role models

Lack of specialist coaches and equipment- more training

Stereotypes- education

Barriers to participation: ethnicity

Stacking and channelling

Religion/culture

Higher value placed on education

Fear of racism

Fewer role models

Fear of rejection

Language barriers

Solutions to participation: ethnicity

Stacking and channelling- education and anti discrimination acts

Religion/culture- ensure single sex provision

Higher value placed on education

Fear of racism- punishing any racist abuse: zero tolerance policy

Fewer role models- PE programmes showing range of ethnicities

Fear of rejection- campaigns such as Kick racism out of football

Language barriers- training more ethnic minority coaches

Benefits of raising participation (health)

Decreased risk of heart disease

Avoidance of high/low blood pressure

Decreased risk of type 2 diabetes

Maintaining healthy weight

Strengthen bones

Improved mental health

Decreased risk of some cancers

Benefits of raising participation (fitness)

Improved posture

Improved body shape/tone

Improved cardiovascular fitness

Improved muscular strength

Improved flexibility

Improved agility, balance, coordination, speed, power, reaction time

Benefits of raising participation (social)

Release of serotonin make people feel better about themselves

Improved sleep patterns

Boost of mood

Increased confidence and self-esteem

New friends

Local partners

County sports partnerships: networks of local agencies working together to increase numbers in sport and physical activity

- help more people develop sporting habit for life

- create more opportunities for young people

- nurture and develop talent

- provide the right facilities

- support local authorities

- ensure real opportunities

National partners

English Federation of Disability Sport: aims to increase participation among young and disabled

Street games: developing sport in disadvantaged communities

fitness

the ability to cope with the demands of day to day life

cardiac output

The volume of blood pumped out from the hearts left ventricle in one minute.

stroke volume x heart rate

stroke volume

the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction

heart rate

number of beats per minute

bradycardia

resting heart rate below 60bpm

venous return

the volume of blood returned to the hearts right atrium per min via the veins

max heart rate

220-age

starlings law

greater stretch of cardiac muscle leads to the greater the force of contraction, the greater the ejection faction/stroke vol

cardiac hypertrophy

increased cardiac muscle mass

cardiac conduction system

a group of specialised cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the heart that send signals to the heart tissue

sinoatrial node

pacemaker of the heart

atrioventricular node

where the impulse pauses in the cardiac conduction system

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)

'Fight or flight' - speeds up heart rate

parasympathetic nervous system

Maintains heart rate at rest - slows down heart rate

Anticipatory Rise

Increase in heart rate prior to an event caused by adrenaline

Myogenic

generated within muscle tissue

vascular shunting

Blood can be redistributed to body parts

Chemoreceptors

Detect changes in chemicals eg CO2, lactic acid

medulla oblongata

In the brain, where Cardiac control centre and respiratory control centre are found

tidal volume

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs per breath

inspiratory reserve volume

maximum amount of air that can be forcebly inspired in addition to tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume

maximum amount of air that can be forcibly expired in addition to tidal volume

vital capacity

Maximum volume of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration

residual volume

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration

total lung capacity

vital capacity + residual volume

minute ventilation

The amount of air moved in or out of the lungs per min

bohr shift

Occurs when an increase in CO2/ blood acidity and temperature results in a reduction in the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen.

Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve shifts to the right.

role of the inspiratory centre

responsible for inspiration and expiration

role of the expiratory centre

stimulates the expiratory muscles during exercise

The order of neural/chemical control for increased inspiration during exercise is:

Receptors - medulla oblongata - phrenic nerve - inspiratory muscles (diaphragm, external intercostals, scalenes and pectoralis minor)

The order of neural/chemical control for expiration during exercise is:

Receptors - medulla oblongata - intercostal nerve - abdominals and internal intercostals

ball and socket

a joint that allows movement in every direction

hinge joints

a joint that that allows movement in only one direction

sagittal plane

a vertical plane that divides the body into a right and left half elbow and knee

frontal plane

a vertical plane dividing the body into the front and back.

transverse plane

a horizontal plane which divides the body into upper and lower halves

agonist

The muscle responsible for the movement that is occurring

antagonist

the muscle that works in opposition to the agonist

Name the agonist & antagonist in elbow flexion

agonist - Biceps

antagonist - Triceps

Name the agonist & antagonist in elbow extension

agonist - Triceps

antagonist - Biceps

Name the agonist & antagonist in ankle plantar-flexion

agonist - Gastrocnemius

antagonist - Tibialis anterior

Name the agonist & antagonist in ankle dorsi-flexion

agonist - Tibialis anterior

antagonist - Gastrocnemius