PHYS Chapter 1-5

The Solar System is another name for our galaxy

False

A scientific theory can be tested by observations and proven to be true

False

A pattern in nature can reveal an underlying physical law

True

A theory, in science, is a guess about what might be true

False

A flat slope on a graph means the dependent variable is not changing

True

The following astronomical events led to the formation of you. Place them in order of their occurrence over astronomical time

Hydrogen and helium are made in the Big Bang, Stars are born and process light elements into heavier ones, Stars die and distribute heavy elements into the space between the stars, Enriched dust and gas gather into clouds in interstellar space, The Sun and planets form from a cloud of interstellar dust and gas

The Solar System contains

asteroids, comets, one star, planets, and dwarf planets

The Sun is part of

(all of the above) the solar system, the milky way galaxy, the universe

A light-year is a measure of

distance

Earth is 1 astronomical unit from the Sun. Light covers that distance in 8.3 minutes. Mars is 1.5 astronomical units from the Sun. How long does it take for light to get to Mars from the Sun?

12.45

Which of the following was not made in the Big Bang?

carbon

The fact that scientific revolutions take place means that

the science we know now is more correct than it was in the past

Occam's razor states that

if two hypotheses fit the facts equally well, we should choose the simpler one

According to the cosmological principle,

on a large scale, the universe is the same everywhere at a given time

There are ________ nanometers (10⁻9 meters) in 1 micrometer (10⁻6 meters).

1000

Place the following in order from largest to smallest

megameter, kilometer, millimeter, micrometer

In Figure 1.9, during the time period from 20 to 25 minutes, the car

is traveling away from the starting point and slowing down

Suppose that you see a graph representing the relationship between the value of a car you own and the time you own it. In this case, ______ would be plotted on the horizontal axis, and _____ would be plotted on the vertical axis.

time, car value

In astronomy, we often use a light curve to investigate the properties of stars. A light curve shows how the brightness of the object changes as time passes. In this case, _____ would be plotted on the horizontal axis, and _____ would be plotted on the vertical axis.

time, brightness

In astronomy, we often use a light curve to investigate the properties of stars. A light curve shows how the brightness of the object changes as time passes. Suppose the brightness increased as time passed. In this case, you would expect to see that a line through the data on the graph

rose from lower left to upper right

The celestial sphere is not an actual object in the sky

True

Eclipses happen somewhere on Earth every month

False

The phases of the Moon are caused by the relative position of Earth, the Moon, and the Sun.

True

If a star rises north of east, it will set south of west

False

Viewed from the North pole, all stars in the night sky are circumpolar stars

True

The Sun, Moon, and stars

change their relative positions over time

Which stars we see at night depend on (select all that apply)

our location on earth, Earth's location in its orbit, the time of the observation

You see the Moon rising, just as the Sun is setting. What phase is it in?

full

Where on Earth can you stand and, over the course of a year, see the entire sky?

at the equator. But in his test, he says none of the above bc you can only see within 23.5 deg from the equator (the tropics).

You do not see eclipses every month because

The Sun, Earth, and the Moon line up only about twice a year

The title of Earth's axis causes the seasons because

(both b and c) the days are longer in summer, the rays of light strike the ground more directly in summer

The vernal and autumnal equinoxes,

(all of the above) the entire Earth has 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. The Sun rises due east and sets due west. the Sun is located on the celestial equator

We always see the same side of the Moon because

the Moon rotates once each rervolution

You see the Moon on the meridan at sunrise. The phase of the Moon is

third quarter

A lunar eclipse occurs when the _____ shadow falls on the _____

Earth's; Moon

You see the full Moon on the meridian. From this information, you can determine that the time where you are is

midnight

What do we call the group of constellations through which the Sun appears to move over the course of a year?

the zodiac

If you were standing at Earth's South Pole, which stars would you see rising and setting?

none of them

On the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun

Rises north of east, passes through its highest point on the meridian, and sets north of West

In the Tropics,

(all of the above) The Sun is directly overhead twice per year. The Sun's rays strike Earth precisely perpendicularly twice per year. The seasons vary less than elsewhere on Earth/

Kepler's three laws explain why the planets orbit the Sun as they do

False

The natural state of objects is to be at rest. This is why a book, given a push across a table, will eventually slow to a stop

False

To find the period of an object in orbit around the Sun, we only need to know the semimajor axis of the orbit

True

You are always at rest in your own reference frame

True

A force is required to keep an object moving at the same velocity

False

Newton's second law of motion states that

the force of gravity is proportional to the masses of the two objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

The connection between gravity and orbits enables astronomers to measure the ______ of stars and planets

masses

What is the eccentricity of a circular orbit?

0

Imagine you are walking along a forest path. Which of the following is not an action-reaction pair in this situation?

you push down on Earth; Earth pushes you forward

A net force must be acting when (choose all that apply)

(all of the above)
an object accelerates.
an object changes direction but not speed.
an object changes speed but not direction.
an object changes speed and direction.

From Kepler's second law, you can determine that

planets move fastest when they are closest to the Sun

Imagine that you are floating in the International Space Station, tossing a bag of dried ice cream to a fellow astronaut. Which of the following are action-reaction pairs? (Choose all that apply.)

you push on ice cream, ice cream pushes back on you

Earth pulls on you, you pull on Earth

Earth pulls on the space station, the station pulls on Earth

Imagine a planet moving in a perfectly circular orbit around the Sun. Is this planet experiencing acceleration?

Yes, because it is changing its direction of motion all the time

Suppose a piece of rock enters Earth's atmosphere, traveling to your left as a bright streak in the sky. The rock explodes, and a piece of it goes in a direction opposite the motion of the original rock. In your reference frame.

the small piece travels to the right