Exam Review Flashcards for PUBHLTH 200

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key concepts in public health for exam preparation.

Tobacco

Considered the number one public health enemy.

Annual Deaths from Smoking

Smoking kills more people (x 1.5) each year than AIDS, alcohol, vehicle injuries, fires, heroin, cocaine, homicide, and suicide combined.

Adult Per Capita Cigarette Consumption (1900-2011)

A historical overview showing consumption trends in the U.S. from 1900 to 2010. Peaked during 1964, on the decline since then.

Effective Interventions for Tobacco Use

1. Smoke-free laws and policies 2. Counter-advertising campaigns 3. Advertising bans 4. Proper clinical treatment. 5. Tax

Ineffective Interventions for Tobacco Use

1. School health education 2. Obscure cigarette label warnings 3. Laws on sales to minors. 4. OTC Nicotine Replacement therapies.

Mental Health

A state of well-being where individuals realize their abilities, can cope with stress, and make contributions to their community. Leading cause of issues for young people.

Academic Impacts of Mental Health

• Untreated mental health issues can lead to lower GPA, enrollment discontinuity, and higher drop-out rates.

• Depression = 2x greater risk of not graduating.

• More than 70% of students say MH interfered w/ their academics.

Mental Health Statistics

Half of individuals will experience a mental health disorder in their lifetime.

Muslim Students

Muslim students faced an increase in mental health issues after the 2016 election compared to non-muslim students.

Medicare

Federal health insurance for those over 65 and certain disabled individuals.

Medicaid

• Def: Health coverage for low-income individuals, funded by both federal and state governments.

• Pre ACA: childless adults do not qualify

• Post ACA: will cover everyone under 133% of FPL

• 41 states (including D.C.) have adopted

• 10 states have not adopted

Social Security

A federal program providing financial support to retirees, disabled people, and their families.

Classes of Nutrients

• Macronutriets: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

• Too many > excess energy stored as fat

• Too little > body dysregulation

Nutrient Fortification

• Def: Adding essential vitamins or minerals to foods to prevent deficiencies.

• Ex: vitamin D in dairy products, iodine in salt, iron in flours. natural > cows fed grass to increase omega 3 fatty acids in milk

Nutrient Recommendations

• DGA: Guidelines aimed at helping individuals make healthful food choices and monitor intake.

• 1800s: focus on infectecious disease

• 1940s: shift to preventing chronic disease

• Now, Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)

Insurance Coverage in the U.S.

• Approximately 55% of Americans are covered by private payer plans.

• About 50% of insurance in employer-sponsered

Affordable Care Act (ACA)

• Legislation aiming to expand health insurance coverage and reduce disparities.

• expanded medicaid, subsidized market plans, employer mandate of insurance, dependent coverage plans (under age of 26 stays on parents plan)

Gun Ownership Statistics

• 4 in 10 U.S. adults live in gun-owning households

• More than half of adults live in households WITH NO GUNS

• Less than half of adults grew up in a household WITH GUNS

Types of Gun Injuries

Include intentional (suicides, homicides) and unintentional injuries.

Public Health Spending

Distribution of national health expenditures across various determinants of health.

Ecological Model of Health Behavior

Model outlining five levels of influence that shape health behaviors.

• Policy, Community, Insititutional, Interpersonal, Individual

High-Risk Health Behaviors

Behaviors engaged in due to lack of knowledge, peer pressure, stress, or economic influences.

Injury

• Harm or damage to the body through acute transfer of energy (chemical, thermal, kinetic/mechanical).

• Can also occur due do insuffienciency of vital elements (water, air, warmth)

• Changes in policy/law > decrease in work-related injuries

• Ex: Creation of OSHA (fed) & state equivalents like MIOSHA, legal liability (workers comp), work is less physically demanding, child labor laws

Epidemiologic Triangle

Model depicting the interaction between the host, agent, and environment in disease & indicates points for intervention

Tobacco Taxes

Tax levied on tobacco products to reduce consumption.

Adverse Health Effects of Pollution

Negative health outcomes resulting from exposure to contaminated environments.

Population Aging Projections

• By 2060, nearly one in four Americans will be 65 years or older.

• By 2030, immigrations > births

• Greater racial diversity in the next few decades

Aging Issues (why do we care?)

• Politics: old people vote (to protect SSI & medicare, they have a greater social responsibility, lives are less busy, more likely to know how voting process works)

• Social support systems

Harmful Use of Alcohol

Contributes significantly to accidents, violence, and chronic health conditions.

Racial and Economic Disparities in Health Care

Differences in access and quality of health care services affecting minority groups.

Physical Activity Recommendations

Guidelines for healthy amount of physical activity for various age groups.

Chemical Exposures

Exposure to harmful chemicals in the environment affecting health.

Biological Exposures

Health risks from allergens and agents present in living environments.

Physical Exposures

Health hazards resulting from environmental conditions, like housing in disrepair.

Substance Use Disorders

Conditions characterized by compulsive use of substances despite negative impacts.

Chronic Disease Management

Approaches to managing long-term health conditions through lifestyle adjustment.

Access to Mental Health Care

Barriers including stigma, cost, and availability affecting service use.

Crisis Management Strategies

Plans implemented to address mental health crises swiftly and effectively.

Environmental Public Health

Intersection between environmental factors and human health outcomes.

Acute vs Chronic

• Unhealthy behaviors can cause both

• Acute: severe, sudden-onset illnesses or injuries that typically last a short time and are often curable.

• Chronic: develop gradually, persist for months or years, and require long-term management to minimize symptoms

Unhealthy Behavior Prominace

• In the US Southern States > 5%-10% of areas lack a car or don’t have a supermarkert within a mile. Increased risk for unhealthy food, drink, and drug choices.

Exposure Disease Model

• Def: maps the pathway from environmental contaminants (sources) to human health effects (outcomes), analyzing how factors like dose, duration, and route (inhalation, ingestion) impact disease development

• Source > Movement of Pollutants > Human Exposure > Dose > Adverse Health Effect

Problems With US HealthCare System

• Cost of care

• Acess to coverage and care

• Quality & accountability

• Racial & economic disparities