Behavioral FOR

AC Copy

behaviors (not positive or negative)

the actions we engage in

adaptive (function)

behaviors that help people to be successful in their environment

maladaptive (dysfunction)

behaviors that don’t allow people to be successful in their environment

classical conditioning

pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that causes a natural response

response generalization

two responses are caused by the same stimulus because the responses are perceived as similar

the use of reinforcers to change a behavior

What is operant conditioning?

reinforcers

things that a person receives that are motivating to them

positive reinforcement

giving something good/positive causes the behavior to be strengthened

positive punishment

giving something bad/negative causes the behavior to be weakned

positive reinforcement

What is this an example of?

• giving m&ms for potty training

positive punishment

What is this an example of?

• parent yells at you, you stop drawing with crayons on the wall

negative reinforcement

taking away something bad causes the behavior to be strengthened

negative reinforcement

What is this an example of?

• taking away the chore of doing laundry, continues to do their homework on time

negative punishment

taking away something good causes the behavior to be weakened

negative punishment

What is this an example of?

• taking away the phone or tv to get the child to stop fighting with siblings

social learning (bandura)

learning through modeling and imitation

aversive outcome, lessens the behavior but does not create extinction

(not recommended in therapy)

What outcome does punishment usually produce?

• continuous

• fixed ratio

• fixed interval

• intermittent

What are the different reinforcement schedules?

continuous (ex. every time you raise you hand to participate in class, you get an m&m)

type of reinforcement schedule when the behavior is reinforced every time

fixed ratio (ex. every third time you raise your hand to participate, you get an m&m)

type of reinforcement schedule where the behavior is reinforced a consistent number of times

fixed interval (ex. five more minutes)

type of reinforcement schedule where the behavior is reinforced in a consistent time period

intermittent (ex. catching a fish)

type of reinforcement schedule where the behavior is reinforced variably, not every time

intermittent reinforcement schedules

What is the #1 way to keep behaviors persistent?

intermittent reinforcement schedule

What is this an example of?

• one parent gives the lollipop, the other does not

shaping

ex.

• A child says “ba” → parent praises them.

• The child says “ball” → more praise.

• Eventually the child says “I want the ball” → reinforcement continues.

reinforcing behavior close to the wanted behavior

• starting small (what the person can do)

chaining

reinforcing steps toward end goal (breaking down a task into steps)

backward chaining

reinforcing the last step then moving backward

• ex. you do all steps of tying the shoe and let the child pull the loops tight at the end

forward chaining

reinforcing the first step then moving forward

• ex. let the child cross the two laces over each other, and you do the rest to tie the shoe

token economy

type of operant conditioning where the person is not rewarded after everything they have done (delayed gratification)

response cost

• ex. taking away the tokens or pizza slices

use of negative reinforcement in token economy

in science class when they spoke without raising their hand and has one slice is taken away

What is the response cost in this situation?

• raising hand throughout school day

• math class raised hand twice = get two pizza slices

• science class = spoke without raising hand = one slice is taken away

social modeling

What is it called when we imitate another person’s behavior?

Antecedent (what is the trigger for the behavior)

Behavior (what is the behavior, is it pos or neg)

Consequence (what happens after the behavior, do they reinforce it?)

What is the ABC method? (used by behavior specialists)

to gain insight into the client’s internal state to provide cues and reinforcement

How can we use biofeedback in the Behavior FOR for intervention?

• sticker charts

• a token economy to outline behavioral expectations or reinforce positive behaviors

How can we use behavior contracts in intervention?

to teach new skills learned through:

• chaining of steps

• shaping through reinforcement

How can we use shaping and chaining in intervention?

planned ignoring

purposely ignoring behavior that you don’t want from someone

grading activities to increase performance

How can we use scaffolding in intervention?

No, that is the job of behavior therapists. But, we can use our OT lens and understanding of the sensory system, motivation, and all of our occupation-centered models to guide our reasoning.

Are we, as OT’s, responsible for creating a behavior plan?