4.5-4.6

killing myself tonight

What was the essential question regarding maritime empires in the 16th and 17th centuries?

What economic strategies did maritime empires use to increase their power, and how did the developing empires affect political, economic, religious, and cultural dynamics?

What major transformation did maritime sea-based empires catalyze in commerce?

They transformed commerce from local small-scale trading based on barter to large-scale international trade using gold and silver.

What economic model did maritime empires like the Dutch East India Company use?

They used joint-stock companies to finance trade by allowing investors to buy shares.

What were the primary goods that drove the mercantilist empires during the 16th and 17th centuries?

Silver, sugar, and slavery.

What is the Commercial Revolution?

The transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver that affected all regions of the world.

What was one consequence of the Price Revolution in the 16th and 17th centuries?

A general rise in prices worldwide, caused partly by population growth and an increase in the amount of gold and silver circulating.

What was the purpose of joint-stock companies in the development of maritime empires?

They allowed for shared profits and risks in exploration and trading ventures, making investing safer due to limited liability.

How did the Dutch position themselves in the trade of the 17th century?

The Dutch became commercial middlemen by maintaining crucial trade routes to different regions.

What was the triangular trade?

A complex Atlantic trading system where European manufactured goods were traded for enslaved Africans, who were then taken to the Americas to produce cash crops such as sugar and tobacco.

How did the Atlantic slave trade specifically affect West African kingdoms?

It weakened several kingdoms, slowed population growth, and made them economically dependent on goods from Europe.

What demographic shift occurred in West Africa due to the slave trade?

A severe imbalance in gender distributions, with a predominance of women as two-thirds of those taken were males.

What were some cultural impacts of the Atlantic trading system on indigenous peoples?

The loss of many cultural traditions and practices, as Europeans imposed their social structures.

What was one way African religions were syncretized in the Americas?

African religions combined aspects of Christianity, creating distinct practices like Santería and Vodun.

What role did the Catholic Church play in Latin America during colonization?

Catholic missionaries worked to convert indigenous populations, and many local practices blended with Catholic traditions.

What specific event exemplifies resistance to Spanish rule in the Americas?

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680, in which indigenous groups rebelled against oppressive Spanish policies.

What internal reform occurred in Russia as it expanded its territory in the 17th century?

The serfdom institution expanded, limiting peasants' freedom and consolidating noble power.

How did the Cossacks contribute to Russian expansion?

They expanded the Russian empire into Siberia and were key to military campaigns.

What was the Glorious Revolution in England?

A bloodless transition of power when William of Orange invaded England to claim the throne, leading to the establishment of Protestant rule.

How did the Atlantic and Indian Ocean trade routes influence global commerce?

They established new patterns of goods, wealth, and labor circulation across continents.