4.5-4.6
Maritime Empires Develop
Page 1
Economic Strategies of Maritime Empires
Transition from local barter to large-scale international trade.
Use of joint-stock companies to finance trade (e.g., Dutch East India Company).
Opening of new ocean trade routes contributing to a global economy.
Movement of labor, including enslaved people, and cultural synthesis among African, American, and European peoples.
Key commodities: silver, sugar, and slavery.
Page 2
Commercial Revolution
Shift to a trade-based economy characterized by the use of gold and silver.
Influenced by:
Development of European overseas colonies.
Opening of new ocean trade routes.
Population growth and inflation (Price Revolution).
Formation of joint-stock companies allowed shared profits and risks.
Limited liability made investing safer.
Middle class in Europe had capital to invest and purchase luxuries.
Page 3
Commerce and Finance
Dutch as commercial middlemen with established trade routes.
Dutch East India Company achieved significant profits in Southeast Asia.
Early stock exchange and Bank of Amsterdam established by the Dutch.
Financial bubbles in France and England led to economic crises.
Page 4
Triangular Trade
Enslaved Africans became a labor source in the Americas.
Trade routes involved three segments: European goods to Africa, enslaved people to the Americas, and raw goods back to Europe.
Sugar production in the Caribbean financed fortunes in Britain, France, and the Netherlands.
Page 5
Rivalries for Indian Ocean Trade
European powers competed for control of trade routes.
Portuguese victories and defeats in naval and land battles.
New global circulation of goods, wealth, and labor, with silver flowing from the Americas to Asia.
Monopolies established by European rulers to control trade.
Page 6
Impact of the Slave Trade on Africa
Weakened West African kingdoms and slowed population growth.
Economic dependency on European goods led to violence and warfare.
Gender imbalances due to the capture of predominantly male slaves.
Introduction of new crops from the Columbian Exchange improved diets and spurred population growth.
Page 7
Political and Cultural Changes for Indigenous Peoples
European empires erased indigenous cultures and social structures.
Spanish and Portuguese colonial administrations replaced indigenous governance.
Cultural loss due to destruction of native documents and traditions.
Language and religion of colonizers became dominant.
Page 8
Religious Syncretism
Development of syncretic belief systems in the Americas, blending African and Christian traditions.
Examples include Santería, Vodun, and Candomblé.
Islam's presence among enslaved Africans and the spread of Catholicism in Latin America.
Page 9
Key Terms by Theme
Economy: Strategies, capital, Commercial Revolution, joint-stock companies.
Culture: Syncretism, polygyny, creoles.
Government: Viceroys, audiencias.
Society: Slave Trade, Dahomey, Oyo.
Page 10
Multiple-Choice Questions
Questions related to the slave trade and its impact on Africa's population and labor demand.
Page 11
Short-Answer Questions
Questions regarding religious syncretism and the effects of mercantilism on economies.
Page 12
Internal and External Challenges to State Power
Essential Question: How did state power development lead to challenges?
Examples of internal and external challenges faced by empires, including revolts and resistance movements.
Page 13
Resistance to Portuguese Expansion
Ana Nzinga's leadership in Ndongo and Matamba against Portuguese slave raids.
Page 14
Local Resistance in Russia
Conditions for serfs in Russia and the impact of serfdom on social structures.
Cossack rebellions and their role in Russian expansion.
Page 15
Rebellion in South Asia
Maratha resistance against Mughal rule and the Pueblo Revolt against Spanish colonizers.
Page 16
Challenges to State Power Summary
Overview of internal and external challenges faced by various empires.
Page 17
Multiple-Choice Questions
Questions related to the Cossacks and their role in Russian expansion.
Page 18
Short-Answer Questions
Questions regarding the Pueblo Revolt and comparisons with other revolts.
Page 19
Contextual Understanding of Challenges to State Power
Importance of situating historical developments within broader contexts to understand challenges to state power.