GSGS 2400 Final

Border Externalization DEFINITION

when countries push their border control into other countries, making migrants be stopped, screened, or detained before they even reach that country's border

Border Militarization DEFINITION

the use of military and police force to control a border

similar to militarized policing

you can have border militarization without border externalization, but not vice versa

Southern Border Program DEFINITION

Mexico's policy to increase policing and checkpoints along its southern border to stop Central American Migrants before they reach the U.S.-Mexico border

Primitive Accumulation DEFINITION

"Getting things for free"

you have a pot of capital prior (primitively) to you actually having labor

- it could be that you inherit money or own people that work for you

- you get capital that you don't have to work for yourself

The Great Dispossession DEFINITION

the large-scale dispossessing of land and resources of indigenous/peasant communities, leading to global capitalism and development projects that benefit elites

Accumulation by Dispossession DEFINITION

the development of the global north happens, and happens quicker, because of the dispossession of the global south

ties together primitive accumulation and the great dispossession

Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) DEFINITION

economic policies that force global south countries to do certain things in order to receive loans

3 main components (that countries are forced to do):

- Austerity programs: spend less on welfare programs

- opening one's economy so it's not protected

- privatizing industry: industries that were once open nationally are not anymore

Dependency theory DEFINITION

the idea that the global south stays poor because the global north accumulates capital and is at the core of the economy, keeping the global south dependent and unable to develop on their own

the rest of the world's periphery must orient themselves

Infantilization of peace DEFINITION

the idea that peace is just something that exists in a world outside our own

peace as this thing that is achieved when everyone loves each other

thinking of women and children when thinking of solutions rather than thinking about how violence actually works and what structural violence and power dynamics are at play

Childification (the role of children in politics) DEFINITION

when children are used symbolically in political messages to shape public opinion or justify policies

seeing children as embodied peace and innocence that need to be protected

The Carceral State DEFINITION

the idea that part of a state's primary functioning is to incarcerate criminal citizens or non-citizens

encompasses both immigration enforcement and greater law enforcement

Militarized Policing DEFINITION

when police use military-style weapons and tactics to control communities or maintain order

idea of turning a police force into a military

Border Externalization/Militarization AUTHOR

Levi Vonk

Souther Border Program AUTHOR

Levi Vonk

Primitive Accumulation AUTHOR

Jason Hickel

The Great Dispossession/Accumulation by Dispossession AUTHOR

Jason Hickel

Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP's) AUTHOR

Jason Hickel

Dependency Theory AUTHOR

Jason Hickel

Infantilization of Peace AUTHOR

Liisa Malkki

Childification AUTHOR

Liisa Malkki

The Carceral State AUTHOR

Micah Herskind, Chapter 1 NCCNCW

Militarized Policing AUTHOR

Micah Herskind, Chapter 1 NCCNCW

Border externalization EXAMPLE

Border Hacker

the U.S. government funding and training Mexican immigration enforcement so that migrants are detained long before reaching the U.S. border

Mexico functions as an outsourced extension of the U.S. border, stopping Central American migrants deep inside Mexico

Border militarization EXAMPLE

Border Hacker

this enforcement and police at U.S. border are using military-style raids and armed operations to capture migrants

Southern Border Program EXAMPLE

Border Hacker

Mexico's "Programa Frontera Sur" flooding southern Mexico with checkpoints and patrols to stop Central American migrants long before they reach the U.S. border

Primitive Accumulation EXAMPLE

The Divide

British colonial takeover of India

the British took control of Indian land and agricultural output, forcing farmers to grow cash crops like cotton and indigo

the British extracted enormous wealth from this by taxing Indian communities and sending profits back to Britain

The Great Dispossession (accumulation by dispossession) EXAMPLE

The Divide

the mass land grabs in Africa and Asia after the 2008 financial crisis

wealthy nations began buying/leasing tens of millions of acres of land in poor countries

local communities were forcibly displaced (often violently)

the land grabs were justified as "development", but the profits flowed to foreign elites rather than local people

Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) EXAMPLE

The Divide

the IMF and World Bank forced countries like Zambia to cut public spending, privatize industries, and eliminate subsidies in exchange for loans

Dependency Theory EXAMPLE

The Divide

global trade rules force poor countries to export cheap raw materials and import expensive goods

this locks them into a permanent structural imbalanc that keeps then dependent on rich countries

as a result, poor countries must produce more to afford their imports and they never catch up

Infantilization of Peace EXAMPLE

Malkki's reading

the reading analyzes artifacts like picture books and school rituals

these artifacts depict peace as something children naturally understand because they are innocent and pure

the representations avoid any discussion of actual political violence, so adults interpret these artifacts to say that children's innocence can "fix" war, rather than addressing the systems that produce the violence. Picture Book for children "Peace is a circle of love" dedicated to "children of the world and our teachers of peace." children are positioned as teachers of adults, as they are pure beings who innocently speak the truth on world peace

Childification (the role of the figure of the child in politics) EXAMPLE

Malkki's reading

after 9/11, President George Bush asked every American child to send one dollar to an Afghan child to generate emotional support for U.S. military action in Afghanistan

even while the U.S. was actively bombing Afghanistan, this portrayed American children as helpers and Afghan children as victims needing rescue

The Carceral State EXAMPLE

No Cop City, No Cop World

Georgia officials used RICO indictments and mass arrests to suppress the Stop Cop City movement

instead of addressing the social issues driving the protest, the state responded with incarceration

Militarized Policing EXAMPLE

No Cop City, No Cop World

police repeatedly entered the Weelaunee Forest using military-style tactics to remove protestors

these weren't normal police operations, they looked like counterinsurgency missions

what is the relationship between mass migration and global development?

migration happens because of uneven development

countries with better development rely on migrants for labor and essential jobs with low wages/poor conditions

global development initiatives can push people to migrate

they shape eachother because global inequalities drive migration, and migration reshapes economies and societies